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CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is in the CNS?

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Spinal cord

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2
Q

What is in the PNS?

A

Cranial nerves+Spinal nerves+peripheral ganglia

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3
Q

What are the 3 major divisions of the brain?

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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4
Q

Outline the major components of the fore, mid and hind-brain

A
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5
Q

What structures comprise the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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6
Q

Function of the frontal lobe

A

Regulating and initiating motor function, language, cognitive functions (executive function [e.g. planning], attention, memory)

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7
Q

Function of the parietal lobes

A

Sensation (touch, pain), sensory aspects of language, spatial orientation and self-perception

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8
Q

Function of the temporal lobes

A

Processing auditory information

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9
Q

Function of the occipital lobe

A

Processing visual information

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10
Q

Where is it and what structures are in the limbic lobe and what is its function

A

limbic lobeincludes the amygdala, hippocampus, mamillary body, and cingulate gyrus(MACH)

Learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward

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11
Q

Where is the insular lobe and what are its functions

A

It lies deep in the lateral fissure

Concerned with visceral sensations, autonomic control, and interoception, auditory processing, visual-vestibular integration(coordination)

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12
Q

What are the 3 meningeal layers

A

Dura
Arachnoid
Pia

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13
Q

What are the 2 layers in the dura mater

A

periosteal - layer of periosteum
meningeal - durable, dense fibrous membrane

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14
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexus of lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

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15
Q

Where is CSF found?

A

The ventricular system and sub-arachnoid space

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16
Q

What is the volume of CSF in the body and how much is produced daily

A

125ml

500ml/day

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17
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed

A

Arachnoid villi (granulations) into superior sagittal sinus

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18
Q

What is the compositional difference between blood plasma and CSF?

A

CSF has lower pH, glucose, protein and potassium than plasma
(GPPP)

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19
Q
A

Mixed spinal nerve

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20
Q
A

Dorsal root

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21
Q
A

Dorsal rootlets

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22
Q
A

Dorsal root ganglion

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23
Q
A

White matter

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24
Q
A

Grey matter

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25
Q
A

Ventral rootlets

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26
Q
A

Ventral horn

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27
Q

How many nerves are in each cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spine segments

A

8, 12, 5, 5, 1

28
Q

Where do nerves emerge from the spinal cord in relation to vertebrae

A

Intervertebral foramina

29
Q

Where in relation to the vertebrae do nerve emerge from?

A

C1-C7:Above the vertebra (e.g First spinal nerve above 1st vertebra)

C8-Co1:Below the vertebra (e.g 4th lumbar nerve below L4)

30
Q

Why is there an enlargement of the cervical vertebrae compared to the thoracic vertebrae

A

Cervical enlargement – innervation of upper limbs

31
Q

Why is there an enlargement of the lumbar vertebrae compared to the thoracic vertebrae

A

Lumbar enlargement – innervation of lower limbs

32
Q

What is the major pathway for voluntary movement

A

Corticospinal tract

33
Q

What is the corticospinal tract comprised of?

A

Composed of upper motor neurons in primary motor cortex and lower motor neurons in brainstem and spinal cord

34
Q

What are the main pathways for sensation?

A

Dorsal column pathway and the spinothalamic tract

35
Q

What is the dorsal column pathway used to sense?

A

Fine touch, vibration and proprioception (position) from the skin and joints

36
Q

What is the spinothalamic tract pathway used to sense?

A

Pain, temperature (and crude touch) from the skin

37
Q

1?

A

Dorsal columns

38
Q

2?

A

Ventral spinothalamic tract

39
Q

3?

A

Lateral corticospinal tract

40
Q

4?

A

Ventral corticospinal tract

41
Q

5?

A

Lateral spinothalamic tract

42
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex found?

A

Anterior to the central sulcus

43
Q

How did we find out where the primary motor cortex is?

A

Contraction of muscles on electrical stimulation

44
Q

What differentiates upper and lower motor neurones

A

Location
Upper-Start in cerebral cortex and travel down to brainstem/spinal cord
Lower-Start in spinal cord and travel out to muscles/glands

45
Q

Describe the deccusation of the corticospinal tract

A

Approximately 85% of fibres decussate (cross) in the medulla

Only the anterior corticospinal tract continues ipsilaterally
-Lateral corticospinal tract deccusates

46
Q

Which nuclei are present in the corticobulbar tract and what do they innervate?

A

Oculomotor-Extraocular muscles
Trochlear-Extraocular muscles
Trigeminal-Muscles of mastication
Abducens-Extraocular muscles
Facial-Muscles of facial expression
Hypoglossal-Muscles of the tongue
(CN III-VII, XII)

47
Q

What are the 4 brainstem motor tracts

A

Vestibulospinal
Tectospinal
Reticulospinal
Rubrospinal

48
Q

Vestibulospinal tract function

A

provides information about head movement and position and mediates postural adjustments

49
Q

Tectospinal tract functions

A

orientation of the head and neck during eye movements

50
Q

Reticulospinal tract functions

A

preparatory and movement-related activities, postural control

51
Q

Rubrospinal tract functions

A

Innervate lower motor neurons of the upper limb

52
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex

A

Post-central gyrus(Posterior to the central sulcus)

53
Q

Describe the travel of nerves along the dorsal column pathway

A

First order neurone fibres enter via the dorsal horn and enter the ascending dorsal column pathways
Information conveyed from lower limbs and body (below T6) travel ipsilaterally along the gracile tract
Information conveyed from upper limbs and body (above T6) travel ipsilaterally along the cuneate tract

Second order axons decussate in the caudal medulla
Form the contralateral medial lemniscus tract
Synapse in the thalamus

Third order neurons from the thalamus project to the somatosensory cortex

54
Q

Through what tract do dorsal column signals travel through above T6?

A

The cuneate tract

55
Q

Through what tract do dorsal column signals travel below T6?

A

The gracile tract

56
Q

Where are the first synapses of the gracile and cuneate tract?

A

Gracile nucleus

Cuneate nucleus

57
Q

What occurs when the dorsal column reaches the medulla?

A

Second order axons decussate in the caudal medulla

Form the contralateral medial lemniscus tract
Synapse in the thalamus

58
Q

What happens after the dorsal column neurones pass through the medulla and enter the brain

A

3rd order neurons from the thalamus project to the somatosensory cortex
Size of somatotopic areas is proportional to density of sensory receptors in that body region (somatosensory homunculus)

58
Q

Which part of the spinothalamic pathway does pain and temperature arise in

A

Lateral spinothalamic

58
Q

Which part of the spinothalamic tract does crude touch arise in

A

Anterior spinothalamic

59
Q

Where do second order spinothalamic neurones decussate?

A

Second order neurons decussate immediately in the spinal cord and form the spinothalamic tract

60
Q

Where do 2nd order neurones terminate in the spinothalamic tract

A

The thalamus

61
Q

Where do 3rd order spinothalamic neurones project to

A

3rd order neurons from the thalamus project to the somatosensory cortex

62
Q

What is the function of the lateral and ventral spinothalamic tract?

63
Q

In the primary somatosensory cortex, what is the size of the somatotopic areas proportional to?

A

Density of sensory receptors in that body region (somatosensory homunculus)

GOATED BRS (56 decks)

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