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CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is in the CNS?

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Spinal cord

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2
Q

What is in the PNS?

A

Cranial nerves+Spinal nerves+peripheral ganglia

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3
Q

What are the 3 major divisions of the brain?

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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4
Q

Outline the major components of the fore, mid and hind-brain

A
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5
Q

What structures comprise the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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6
Q

Function of the frontal lobe

A

Regulating and initiating motor function, language, cognitive functions (executive function [e.g. planning], attention, memory)

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7
Q

Function of the parietal lobes

A

Sensation (touch, pain), sensory aspects of language, spatial orientation and self-perception

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8
Q

Function of the temporal lobes

A

Processing auditory information

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9
Q

Function of the occipital lobe

A

Processing visual information

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10
Q

Where is it and what structures are in the limbic lobe and what is its function

A

limbic lobeincludes the amygdala, hippocampus, mamillary body, and cingulate gyrus(MACH)

Learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward

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11
Q

Where is the insular lobe and what are its functions

A

It lies deep in the lateral fissure

Concerned with visceral sensations, autonomic control, and interoception, auditory processing, visual-vestibular integration(coordination)

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12
Q

What are the 3 meningeal layers

A

Dura
Arachnoid
Pia

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13
Q

What are the 2 layers in the dura mater

A

periosteal - layer of periosteum
meningeal - durable, dense fibrous membrane

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14
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexus of lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

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15
Q

Where is CSF found?

A

The ventricular system and sub-arachnoid space

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16
Q

What is the volume of CSF in the body and how much is produced daily

A

125ml

500ml/day

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17
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed

A

Arachnoid villi (granulations) into superior sagittal sinus

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18
Q

What is the compositional difference between blood plasma and CSF?

A

CSF has lower pH, glucose, protein and potassium than plasma
(GPPP)

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19
Q
A

Mixed spinal nerve

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20
Q
A

Dorsal root

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21
Q
A

Dorsal rootlets

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22
Q
A

Dorsal root ganglion

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23
Q
A

White matter

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24
Q
A

Grey matter

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25
Ventral rootlets
26
Ventral horn
27
How many nerves are in each cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spine segments
8, 12, 5, 5, 1
28
Where do nerves emerge from the spinal cord in relation to vertebrae
Intervertebral foramina
29
Where in relation to the vertebrae do nerve emerge from?
C1-C7:Above the vertebra (e.g First spinal nerve above 1st vertebra) C8-Co1:Below the vertebra (e.g 4th lumbar nerve below L4)
30
Why is there an enlargement of the cervical vertebrae compared to the thoracic vertebrae
Cervical enlargement – innervation of upper limbs
31
Why is there an enlargement of the lumbar vertebrae compared to the thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar enlargement – innervation of lower limbs
32
What is the major pathway for voluntary movement
Corticospinal tract
33
What is the corticospinal tract comprised of?
Composed of upper motor neurons in primary motor cortex and lower motor neurons in brainstem and spinal cord
34
What are the main pathways for sensation?
Dorsal column pathway and the spinothalamic tract
35
What is the dorsal column pathway used to sense?
Fine touch, vibration and proprioception (position) from the skin and joints
36
What is the spinothalamic tract pathway used to sense?
Pain, temperature (and crude touch) from the skin
37
1?
Dorsal columns
38
2?
Ventral spinothalamic tract
39
3?
Lateral corticospinal tract
40
4?
Ventral corticospinal tract
41
5?
Lateral spinothalamic tract
42
Where is the primary motor cortex found?
Anterior to the central sulcus
43
How did we find out where the primary motor cortex is?
Contraction of muscles on electrical stimulation
44
What differentiates upper and lower motor neurones
Location Upper-Start in cerebral cortex and travel down to brainstem/spinal cord Lower-Start in spinal cord and travel out to muscles/glands
45
Describe the deccusation of the corticospinal tract
Approximately 85% of fibres decussate (cross) in the medulla **Only the anterior corticospinal tract continues ipsilaterally** -Lateral corticospinal tract deccusates
46
Which nuclei are present in the corticobulbar tract and what do they innervate?
Oculomotor-Extraocular muscles Trochlear-Extraocular muscles Trigeminal-Muscles of mastication Abducens-Extraocular muscles Facial-Muscles of facial expression Hypoglossal-Muscles of the tongue (CN III-VII, XII)
47
What are the 4 brainstem motor tracts
Vestibulospinal Tectospinal Reticulospinal Rubrospinal
48
Vestibulospinal tract function
provides information about head movement and position and mediates postural adjustments
49
Tectospinal tract functions
orientation of the head and neck **during eye movements**
50
Reticulospinal tract functions
preparatory and movement-related activities, postural control
51
Rubrospinal tract functions
Innervate lower motor neurons of the upper limb
52
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex
Post-central gyrus(Posterior to the central sulcus)
53
Describe the travel of nerves along the dorsal column pathway
First order neurone fibres enter via the dorsal horn and enter the ascending dorsal column pathways Information conveyed from **lower limbs and body (below T6) travel ipsilaterally along the gracile tract** Information conveyed from **upper limbs and body (above T6) travel ipsilaterally along the cuneate tract** Second order axons decussate in the caudal medulla Form the contralateral medial lemniscus tract Synapse in the thalamus Third order neurons from the thalamus project to the somatosensory cortex
54
Through what tract do dorsal column signals travel through above T6?
The cuneate tract
55
Through what tract do dorsal column signals travel below T6?
The gracile tract
56
Where are the first synapses of the gracile and cuneate tract?
Gracile nucleus Cuneate nucleus
57
What occurs when the dorsal column reaches the medulla?
Second order axons decussate in the caudal medulla Form the contralateral medial lemniscus tract Synapse in the thalamus
58
What happens after the dorsal column neurones pass through the medulla and enter the brain
3rd order neurons from the thalamus project to the somatosensory cortex Size of somatotopic areas is proportional to density of sensory receptors in that body region (somatosensory homunculus)
58
Which part of the spinothalamic pathway does pain and temperature arise in
Lateral spinothalamic
58
Which part of the spinothalamic tract does crude touch arise in
Anterior spinothalamic
59
Where do second order spinothalamic neurones decussate?
Second order neurons decussate immediately in the spinal cord and form the spinothalamic tract
60
Where do 2nd order neurones terminate in the spinothalamic tract
The thalamus
61
Where do 3rd order spinothalamic neurones project to
3rd order neurons from the thalamus project to the somatosensory cortex
62
What is the function of the lateral and ventral spinothalamic tract?
63
In the primary somatosensory cortex, what is the size of the somatotopic areas proportional to?
Density of sensory receptors in that body region (somatosensory homunculus)

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