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GOATED BRS > CV disorders > Flashcards

CV disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What defines heart failure?

A

Heart unable to maintain adequate circulation for metabolic requirements of body

Preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF): EF ≥ 50%, ↓ diastolic function

Reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF): EF ≤ 40%, ↓ systolic function

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2
Q

What are the underlying causes of heart failure?

A

Secondary to cardiac damage (ischaemia, myopathy), hypertension, valve disease

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3
Q

What are the signs+symptoms of heart failure and what tests are used to diagnose it?

A

Exertional dyspnoea

Blood test: elevated brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Chest X-ray: cardiomegaly

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4
Q

What does the ECG of someone with heart failure look like?

A

Enlarged QRS

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5
Q

What treatment options are there for heart failure?

A

Drugs that reduce exertional pressure on the heart

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6
Q

Give the definitions of atrial fibrillation and wolff-parkinson-white syndrome

A

AF:Disorganised electrical activity and contraction

WPW:Additional accessory conduction pathway (the bundle of Kent) between the atria and ventricles

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7
Q

Give the underlying cause of AF

A

Spontaneously active cells throughout the atria

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8
Q

Give the underlying cause of WPW syndrome

A

Presence of additional accessory conduction pathway (the bundle of Kent) between the atria and ventricles

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9
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of AF and WPW

A

Palpitations & chest pain

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10
Q

What does an AF ECG look like?

A

Absent p waves and an irregularly irregular rhythm

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11
Q

What does a WPW syndrome ECG look like?

A

QRS pre-excitation & biphasic/ inverted T-wave of ECG

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12
Q

What is the treatment for AF

A

Strategies to maintain sinus rhythm (e.g. cardioversion, anti-arrhythmics, catheter ablation)

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13
Q

What is the treatment for WPW syndrome?

A

Benign-No treatment needed/given

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14
Q

What occurs in first degree heart block?

A

Slowing down of conduction through AV node

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15
Q

What occurs in second degree heart block

A

Reduced transmission from atria to ventricles

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16
Q

What occurs in third degree heart block

A

Complete block of current from atria to ventricles

17
Q

What is the underlying cause of heart block

A

Damage (fibrosis, calcification, necrosis) to the conduction system (AV node or His Purkinje system)

18
Q

What does a 1st degree heart block ECG look like

A

Increased PR interval

19
Q

What does a 2nd degree heart block ECG look like

A

Increased P-R interval or ‘missing’ QRS complexes, depending on type of block

20
Q

What does a 3rd degree heart block ECG look like?

A

p-waves not followed by QRS complexes

21
Q

How do you treat heart block?

A

Discontinuation of AV-blocking drugs (e.g. beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers) or pacemaker implantation in severe cases

22
Q

Define hypertension

A

-Clinical BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg & ambulatory
-BP daytime average ≥ 135/85 mmHg for prolonged period

23
Q

What is the underlying cause of hypertension?

A

Primary (essential): unknown
Secondary: resulting from another medical condition (e.g. kidney disease, adrenal disease)

24
Q

What investigations can you undertake to diagnose hypertension?

A

Blood pressure measurement: readings ≥ 135/85 mmHg

25
Q

Define angina

A

Chest pain due to myocardial ischaemia caused by atherosclerosis

26
Q

Define NSTEMI(Non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction)

A

Myocardial tissue damage due to prolonged ischaemia caused by atherosclerosis and artery blockage

27
Q

Define STEMI(ST-elevated myocardial infarction)

A

Serious myocardial tissue damage due to prolonged ischaemia caused by severe atherosclerosis and complete artery blockage

28
Q

What is the underlying cause of acute coronary syndromes (Angina, NSTEMI, STEMI)

A

Atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary artery causing ischaemia (angina), artery blockage (NSTEMI) and then complete artery blockage (STEMI)

29
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of angina, NSTEMI and STEMI

A

Angina: chest pain on exertion (stable) or at rest (unstable)

NSTEMI: chest pain, sweating, nausea & vomiting

STEMI: radiating chest pain, sweating, nausea & vomiting

30
Q

What would you find in the blood and on the ECG for an NSTEMI patient?

A

NSTEMI: ST-depression/no changes & high troponin levels

31
Q

What would you find in the blood and on the ECG for a patient with STEMI?

A

STEMI: ST-elevation with reciprocal ST-depression & high troponin levels

32
Q

How do you treat angina, STEMI and NSTEMI

A

Angina: Vasodilators
STEMI/NSTEMI: coronary stents, antiplatelets, vasodilators, anti-emetics, oxygen & pain-relief

GOATED BRS (56 decks)

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