psychiatric disorders

Question 1

psychiatric disorders vs. psychological disorders

Answer 1

nothing its like the two APAs

Question 2

psychiatric disorders definition

Answer 2

disorders of the psychological function that require treatment by the mental health professional

Question 3

neuropsychological disorders

Answer 3

a product of dysfunctional brains

Question 4

psychiatric disorders historically

Answer 4

neuropsychological disorders-brain problem
psychiatric- mind problem
we should not think of it as a dichotomy

Question 5

what if we don’t know what is causing the issue

Answer 5

underlying dysfunction met yet to be identified, but are suggested by the effectiveness of treatments

Question 6

advantages and disadvantages of accepting psychiatric diagnosis

Answer 6

OHIP covers psychiatry and not psychology

internalize and use diagnosis and a clutch

Question 7

schizophrenia

Answer 7

“splitting of psychic functions”
impaired reality
1% of population
a diverse disorder

Question 8

symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 8

delusions, hallucinations, odd behaviour, incoherent thought, inappropriate affect
only need one of eight

Question 9

factors of schizophrenia

Answer 9

appears that interference with the normal development of susceptible individuals may lead to developmental of the disorder

Question 10

antipsychotic drugs

Answer 10

chlorpromazine

reserpine

Question 11

chlorpromazine

Answer 11

calms many agitated schizophrenics and activates man emotionally blunt
lose ability to feel full range of emotions

Question 12

dopamine theory of schizophrenia

Answer 12

side effects of antipsychotic drugs suggests role of dopamine: drugs work by decreasing DA levels, disorder is a consequence of DA overactivity

Question 13

DA theory in general

Answer 13

the higher the affinity a drug has for dopamine receptors, the more effective it is in treating schizophrenia

Question 14

haloperidol

Answer 14

an exception

while most antipsychotics bind to D1 and D2, it only binds to D2

Question 15

problems with the D2 theory

Answer 15

clozapine and atypical and effective neuroleptic
neuroleptics act quickly at the synapse but don’t alleviate symptoms for weeks
schizophrenia symptoms associated with brain damage
only effective for some

Question 16

postive symptoms

Answer 16

presence of abnormal

Question 17

negative symptoms

Answer 17

absence of normal

Question 18

depression

Answer 18

normal reaction to loss, abnormal when it persists or has no cause

Question 19

mania

Answer 19

opposite of depression

Question 20

bipolar affective disorder

Answer 20

depression with periods of mania

Question 21

unipolar

Answer 21

reactive and endogenous

Question 22

reactive depression

Answer 22

triggered by a negative event

Question 23

endogenous depression

Answer 23

no apparent cause

Question 24

factors in affective disorders

Answer 24

affective disorders are very common. 6% unipolar and 1% bipolar
genetics
stressful experiences

Question 25

antidepressant drugs

Answer 25

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) tricyclic antidepressants selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors lithium

Question 26

MAOIs monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Answer 26

prevent breakdown of monoamines must avoid food high in tyramine we generally do not start with this approach

Question 27

tricyclic antidepressants

Answer 27

block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine | safer than MAOIs

Question 28

lithium

Answer 28

mood stabilizer | treats bipolar

Question 29

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Answer 29

(SSRIs) prozac, Paxil, Zoloft no more effective than tricyclics, but side effects are few and they are effective at treating other thing

Question 30

Selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

Answer 30

also effective

Question 31

effectiveness of drug in treating affective disorders

Answer 31

results are comparable with MAOIs, tricycles, and SSRIs | about 50% improve, compared to 25% of controls

Question 32

what do antidepressants not do

Answer 32

drugs help those experiencing depression, but doe not prevent future episodes

Question 33

monoamine theory of depression

Answer 33

underactivity of serotonin and norepinephrine | problem is not all responses to monoamine agonists

Question 34

how do we know monoamine drugs work for some

Answer 34

based on autopsy

Question 35

diathesis-stress model

Answer 35

inherited genetic susceptivity (diathesis) + stress = depression

Question 36

depression and hormones

Answer 36

depressed people tend to release more stress hormones, or unable to regulate/gets stuck in the high level

Question 37

sleep deprivation

Answer 37

more than 50% of depressed patients improve after one night of sleep deprivation depression returns when normal sleep pattern resumes

Question 38

brain damage and unipolar depression

Answer 38

amygdala prefrontal cortex - both involves in perception and experience of emotion terminal structures of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system

Question 39

anxiety

Answer 39

fear in the absence of threat

Question 40

anxiety disorder

Answer 40

when anxiety interferes with normal functioning | accompanied by physiological symptoms- tachycardia, hypertension sleep disturbances and nausea

Question 41

generalized anxiety

Answer 41

stress and anxiety in the absence of a causal stimulus

Question 42

phobic

Answer 42

similar to generalized but triggered by a stimulus, clear source of fear

Question 43

panic disorders

Answer 43

may occur with other disorders, but also alone

Question 44

OCD

Answer 44

obsessive thought alleviated by compulsive actions, exposure therapy

Question 45

PTSD

Answer 45

and example of the diathesis-stress model

Question 46

treatment of anxiety disorders

Answer 46

benzodiazepines | serotonin agonists

Question 47

benzodiazepines

Answer 47

librium, valium also used as hypnotics, anticonvulsants, muscles relaxants GABAa agonists- bond to receptor and facilitate effects of GABA highly addictive

Question 48

serotonin agonists

Answer 48

buspirone SSRIs reduce anxiety without sedation and other side effects

Question 49

the GABA receptor

Answer 49

the primary inhibitory transmitters | anything that can slow this down works towards the solution

Question 50

neural bases of anxiety disorders

Answer 50

drugs suggest a role of serotonin and GABA in anxiety disorders amygdala due it its role in fear and defence behaviour, thought to be involved.

Question 51

tourettes syndrome

Answer 51

a disorder of tics, involuntary movements or vocalizations begins in childhood major genetic component signs of ADHD and/or OCD no animal models, no genes identified and imaging hard due to tics

Question 52

Tourettes treatment

Answer 52

usually treated with neuroleptics- although effectiveness is not well established effectiveness of D2 blockers suggests abnormal in basal ganglia-thalamus cortex feedback circuit

Question 53

phase 1

Answer 53

do no harm

Question 54

phase 2

Answer 54

works, and works better than other drugs on the market