learning and memory

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

how experiences change the brain

Question 2

memory

Answer 2

how changes are stored and subsequently reactivated

Question 3

amnesia

Answer 3

retrograde- unable to remember the past

anterograde- unable to form new memories

Question 4

what is the simplest form of learning

Answer 4

habitation

Question 5

scientific contributions of HMs case

Answer 5

medal temporal lobes are involved in memory. STM and LTM are distinctly separate. he was unable to move memories for STM to LTM. memory may exist but not be recalled

Question 6

explicit memories

Answer 6

conscious memories

Question 7

implicit memories

Answer 7

unconscious memories, as when HM shows the benefits of prior experiences. sub cortical

Question 8

repetition priming tests

Answer 8

used to assess implicit memory

Question 9

medial temporal lobe amnesia

Answer 9

not all with this form of amnesia are unable form new explicit long term memories

Question 10

semantic memory

Answer 10

general information may function normally while episodic memory does not- they are able to learn facts, but do not remember doing so

Question 11

Korsakoff’s syndrome seen is

Answer 11

chronic alcoholics

Question 12

korsakoffs symptoms

Answer 12

amnesia, confusion, personality changes, and physical problems. they don’t think they have a memory problem

Question 13

korsakoffs damage

Answer 13

typically in the ,medial diencephalon
medial thalamus +medial hypothalamus
causes are multifactorial

Question 14

Alzheimers disease (AD)

Answer 14

begins with slight loss of memory and processes to dementia.

Question 15

what causes the amnesia seen in AD

Answer 15

decreased acetylcholine, due to basal forebrain degeneration. medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex also involved. damage is diffuse

Question 16

post traumatic amnesia

Answer 16

concussions may cause retrograde amnesia for the period before the blow and some anterograde amnesia after. Mild TBI is less than 24 hours. period of anterograde amnesia suggest a temporary failure of memory consolidation

Question 17

reconsolidation

Answer 17

when a memory is retrieved from LTM it sis temporarily held in STM. memory in STM is susceptible to post traumatic amnesia until it is reconsolidated. the memory trace becomes temporarily vulnerable during recall

Question 18

robot gradient

Answer 18

first one in last one out

Question 19

hippocampus

Answer 19

perhaps the hippocampus stores memories temporarily

Question 20

removal of rhinal cortex

Answer 20

bilateral removal of the rhinal cortex consistently results in object-recognition deficits

Question 21

hippocampus removal effects of object recognition

Answer 21

bilateral removal of the amygdala has no effect on object-recognition

Question 22

hippocampus role

Answer 22

plays a key role in memory for spatial location. many hippocamal cells are place cells. a GPS with a 24 hour cycle

Question 23

cognitive map theory

Answer 23

constructs and stores allocentric maps of the world

Question 24

configure association theory

Answer 24

involved in retaining the behavioural significance of combinations of stimuli

Question 25

where are memories stored

Answer 25

each memory is stored diffusely throughout the brain structures that were involved in its formation. damage to a variety of structured results in memory deficits

Question 26

hippocampus storage

Answer 26

spatial location

Question 27

rhinal cortex storage

Answer 27

object recognition

Question 28

basal forebrain

Answer 28

Alzheimers disease

Question 29

inferotemporal cortex

Answer 29

visual perception of objects

Question 30

lesions in amygdala lead to

Answer 30

lack of learned fear

Question 31

prefrontal cortex

Answer 31

temporal order of events and working memory, strategy use

Question 32

prefrontal cortex

Answer 32

damage leads to problems with tasks involving a series of responses

Question 33

cerebellum and striatum

Answer 33

sensorimotor tasks

Question 34

cerebellum

Answer 34

stores memories of sensorimotor skills: conditioned eye blink, possibly working memory

Question 35

striatum

Answer 35

habit formation, associatiions between stimuli and responses.

Question 36

Long term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 36

synapses are effectively made stronger by repeated stimulation. LTP only occurs if presynaptic firing is followed by postsynaptic firing

Question 37

Hebbs postulate for learning

Answer 37

co-occurrence is necessary for learning and memory

Question 38

where is LTP greatest

Answer 38

in brain areas involved in learning and memory

Question 39

LTP can be viewed as a three part process

Answer 39

induction or encoding/acquistion
maintenance or consolidation
expression or retrieval

Question 40

what is the neurological marker of memory?

Answer 40

protein, it means new material is created