Addictions

Question 1

psychoactive drugs

Answer 1

drugs that influence subjective experience and behavior by acting on the nervous system `

Question 2

Drug Tolerance

Answer 2

decreased sensitivity to a drug due to prior exposure. As you start using a substance your body and nervous system change and effect change overtime

Question 3

Cross Tolerance

Answer 3

use of one substance change alter another drugs tolerance, caffeine and cocaine

Question 4

in order to diagnose a substance use problem

Answer 4

-there must be evidence of tolerance
-withdrawal
-impairment of function
which are both physiological factors

Question 5

metabolic tolerance

Answer 5

tolerance associated with reductions in the amount of the drugs getting to its target

Question 6

functional tolerance

Answer 6

most common with psychoactive drugs. tolerance associated with a reduction in the sensitivity to the drug

Question 7

when do people believe a chemical is working and it is not

Answer 7

homeopathic medications

placebos

Question 8

withdrawal

Answer 8

caused by sudden cessation of a drug and typically include symptoms opposite of those caused by the drug. physical dependence is present in individuals who experience withdrawal.

Question 9

black outs are…

Answer 9

a sign that the brain was so stressed out that it could not hold on to memories

Question 10

what does alcohol have an affinity for and what it is a good test for

Answer 10

affinity for the frontal lobes. it is a good test to see what the frontal lobe is doing to cover up

Question 11

addictive personalities

Answer 11

usually something terrible in their life that they are trying to manage. shitty life syndrome. heredity for specific substance, caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine.

Question 12

addiction

Answer 12

drug addiction is characterized by habitual use despise the negative consequences and despite attempts to quit. the substance has power stronger than their free will. includes physical dependence, but may also have psychological dependence, often a combination

Question 13

contingent tolerance

Answer 13

occurs when tolerance develops to experienced drug effects

Question 14

conditioned tolerance

Answer 14

occurs when drugs are taken in the same situation, which increases tolerance

Question 15

conditioned compensatory responses

Answer 15

the body readies itself before the drugs are consumed. in an unfamiliar places you have elevated cortisol which can interact with the drugs

Question 16

conditioned withdrawal effects

Answer 16

learned to response to the lack of the drug, can be reproduced when with placebo medication

Question 17

Tobacco

Answer 17

Nicotine is a stimulant, although it has a claiming effect for most. Increased attention and sustained attention. Contain nearly 4000 other chemicals. Nearly 20% of all death in western countries.

Question 18

negative health effects of tobacco include..

Answer 18

Buerger’s disease- blood vessel constriction in legs.

Lung cancer

Question 19

Szhopheria patients are nicotine and marijuana at alarming rates

Answer 19

Without nicotine their symptoms are worse

Marijuana makes their symptoms better/ feel more normal

Question 20

people with ADHD…

Answer 20

People with ADHD drink more coffee and smoke more cigarettes

Question 21

Alcohol is a depressant

Answer 21

moderate to high doses depress neural firing, whereas low doses can stimulate firing

Question 22

negative health effects from chronic use of alcohol

Answer 22

Korsakoff’s syndrome, thymine deficiency
Cirrhosis of the liver, visual spatial issues
Cardiovascular, weakens the blood vessels
Cancer, slow atrophy of the brain
Fetal alcohol syndrome, ADHD turbocharged

Question 23

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome

Answer 23

occurs in 3 phases.
5-6 hours after cessation- tremors, nausea, sweats, agitation and headache
15-30 hours after cessation- convulsions
24-48 hours after cessation- delirium tremens- hallucinations, delusions, agitation, convulsions, hyperthermia and tachycardia

Question 24

Marijuana

Answer 24

primary psychoactive ingredient is THC. Low potential for adduction. Effects of social use

Question 25

Marijuana effects

Answer 25

altered and intensified sensory/perceptual experience, increases appetite, laughing, distorted perception of time

Question 26

effects of chronic heavy use of pot

Answer 26

respiratory
tachycardia
cognitive

Question 27

Medicinal uses of pot

Answer 27

pain
glaucoma
anti-nausea
appetite stimulant

Question 28

stimulants

Answer 28

cocaine, crack and amphetamines are stimulants. Increase neural and behavioural activity. Block reuptake of catecholamines.

Question 29

MDMA

Answer 29

ecstasy

toxic to serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons

Question 30

what is the big issue of MDMA

Answer 30

really messes up the natural chemical balance of the brain

Question 31

brain damage due to meth

Answer 31

5%

Question 32

opiates

Answer 32

produce analgesia, reduce cough/respiration, anti-diarrhea properties
high risk of addictions

Question 33

long term health effects of long term opiate use

Answer 33

little long-term health effects, unless one dies or contracts a disease in use

Question 34

herion

Answer 34

a wave of intense abdominal, orgasmic pleasure that evolves into a state of serene drowsy euphoria

Question 35

Intracranial Self-stimulation (ISS)

Answer 35

• cerebral dialysis shows self-stimulation associated with increased production of dopamine in the mesocorticolimbic pathway
• dopamine agonists increase ISS
• antagonists decrease ISS
• lesions to the mesocorticolimbic pathway disrupt ISS

Question 36

what can we learn from the ISS model

Answer 36

that the rat is not a sensation seeker he just wants to restore the feeling of normal

Question 37

dopamine and addiction

Answer 37

suggested by self-stimulation studies

• dopamine antagonists interfere with self- stimulations and reduce the reinforcing effects of food
• nucleus accumbent appears to play a primary role

Question 38

the nucleus accumbens and addiction

Answer 38

animals self-administer addictive drugs into the nucleus accumbens
leads to conditioned place preference
addictive drugs and natural reinforces causes an increase in dopamine levels in nucleus accumbens

Question 39

lesions to nucleus accumbens

Answer 39

block self-administration and conditioned place preference