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perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Naming test

A

easy if you are neurologically normal
how fast can you think of the words
extremely sensitive to non-native speakers
dementia, epilepsy, aphasia

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2
Q

sensory areas of the cortex

A

primary
secondary
association
they are interrelated but they are operate identities

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3
Q

primary sensory cortex

A

input mainly from thalamic relay nuclei

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4
Q

secondary sensory cortex

A

input mainly from primary and secondary cortex within the sensory system

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5
Q

association sensory cortex

A

input from more than one sensory system, usually from secondary sensory cortex

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6
Q

principles guiding the interactions of sensory cortex

A

hierarchical organization
functional segregation
parallel processing

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7
Q

hierarchical organization

A

specificity and complexity increases with each level
sensation- detecting a stimulus, easiest and most straight forward, strongest signal
perception- understanding the stimulus

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8
Q

sensory system organization

A

multiple specialized areas, at multiple levels, interconnected by multiple parallel pathways
while there is no final integrator of information, there are pathways that allow higher areas to influence lower areas

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9
Q

visual cortex

A

primary (V1)
- posterior occipital lobe
secondary
- prostrate cortex– a band of tissue surrounding V1
- inferotemporal cortex
tertiary
-varoisu areas, largest single area is posterior parietal cortex

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10
Q

scotoma

A

an area of blindness resulting from damaged to visual cortex.

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11
Q

cortical blindness

A

condition where the eyes are perfectly fine, happens somethings is severe brain injuries

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12
Q

blindsight

A

the ability to respond to visual stimulus even with no conscious awareness of the stimulus (due to scotoma)
may be that some connection still exist in V1, allowing for reactions without awareness
may be that message gets. to the brain by connection that do not pass through the damaged area

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13
Q

dorsal and ventral streams

A

dorsal stream
ventral stream
both streams

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14
Q

dorsal stream

A

where/control of behaviour
not just location but direction
V1 to dorsal prostrate cortex to posterior parietal

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15
Q

ventral stream

A

what/conscious perception
V1 to ventral prostrate cortex to inferotemporal cortex
identifying object as meaningful
“can I eat this”

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16
Q

both streams

A

where/what and behaviour/perception distinctions are supported by effects of damage

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17
Q

prosopagnosia

A

an agnosia for faces. they are also unable to recognize others septics-which chair, which cow. they would have a great deal of trouble on the naming test. a result of bilateral damage to the ventral “what”/conscious perception stream, thus unconscious recognition can be preserved.

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18
Q

agnosia

A

failure to recognition

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19
Q

visual agnosia

A

able to see, but unable to recognize as such. something in-between in disrupted. intact sensation, impaired perception

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20
Q

attentional blindeness

A

eyes are god, information is processed but higher order expectations; make assumptions that van be wrong

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21
Q

fusiform face area

A

activity increased during face recognition but not recognition of other objects

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22
Q

audition

A

the sense of hearing

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23
Q

frequency

A

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

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24
Q

pitch

A

a tones highness or lowness

depends on frequency

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25
middle ear
chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones, that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cinch leas oval window
26
three tiny bones in the middle ear
hammer, anvil, stirrup
27
inner ear
innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea-transforming the sounds into a Neuro-signal, semicircular canals, vestibular sacs
28
the corresponding structure to the retina is... (hearing equant to the retina)
the cochlea
29
Anatomy of the ear
tympanic membrane ossicles cochlea oval window
30
tympanic membrane
eardrum
31
ossicles
bones in middle ear - malleus (hammer) - incus (anvil) - stapes (stirrup)
32
cochlea
snail shaped structure which contains hair cells
33
oval window
place on cochlea where the stapes presses
34
cochlea sub anatomy
organ of cortisones- organ on the basilar membrane which contains hair cells. hair cells basilar membrane tectorial membrane
35
hair cells
receptive cell for learning
36
basilar membrane
a membrane in the cochleae that contains the organ of corti
37
tectorial membrane
above the basilar membrane, cilia of hair cells move again the tectorial membrane
38
auditory transduction
hair cells- inner (inside the cochlear coil, outer. when the bundle is straight there is a 10% chance of ion channels being open as the bundle moves toward the cilia the ion channels allow more K+ and Ca+ to enter and depolarize the cell
39
cochlear nerve
bipolar neuron whose cell body is located in the cochlear nerve ganglion
40
what percent of hair cells or myelinated/unmyelinated
95%/5%
41
central auditory pathway
cochlear nucleus> superior olivary complex> lateral lemniscus> inferior colliculus> medial geniculate nucleus> auditory cortex
42
superior olivary complex
a group of nuclei in medulla, code for spatial location
43
lateral lemniscus
a band of fibres that carry auditory information through the medulla and pons to the inferior colliculus
44
medial geniculate nucleus
part of thalamus (projects to auditory cortex)
45
auditory cortex
temporal lobe | tonotopic representation, topographical organization of frequencies
46
perception of spatial location
phase difference, difference in arrival times of sound waves at each of the eat drums, detected by the medial superior olivary complex. intensity differences
47
somatosensation
system is 3 separate interacting systems. Exteroreceptive Proprioceptive interoceptive
48
exteroreceptive
``` external stimuli- within the body. touch (mechanical stimuli) temperature (thermal stimuli) pain (nociceptive stimuli) specialized receptors respond to the various stimuli ```
49
proprioceptive
body portions of own own body
50
interoceptive
body conditions
51
Cutaneous receptors
we respond to change, no change no sensation. we habituate to stimulus very quickly. stereognosis, dermatome
52
stereognosis
identifying objects by touch. TPT- tactual performance test, putting shapes in board.
53
Dermatome
the area of the body innervated by the left and right dorsal roots of a given segment of spinal cord
54
Primary somatosensory cortex (SI)
postcentral gyrus somatotopic more sensitive > more cortex input largely contralateral
55
asterognosia
inability to recognize objects by touch. pure cases are rare- other sensory deficits are usually present
56
asomatognosia
the failure to recognize parts of one's one body - the case of the man who fell out of bed
57
pain
despite its unpleasantness, pain is adaptive and needed. no obvious cortical representation.
58
descending pain control
pain can be suppressed by cognitive and emotional factors
59
descending pain control circuit
- electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal grey (PAG) has analgesic effects - PAG and other brain areas have opiate receptors - existence of endogenous opiates
60
the chemical senses
olfaction gustation food acts on both systems to produce flavour processed in the same basic process
61
pheromones
chemicals that influence that behaviour o conspecifics
62
olfaction
receptors embedded in the olfactory mucosa of the nine thousands if olfactory receptor proteins new receptors are created throughout life
63
gustation
receptors in tongue and oral cavity in clusters of about 50 called taste buds. many tastes not created by combining primaries. salty and sour don't have receptors they merry act on ion channels
64
brain damage and the chemical sense
anosmia and ageusia
65
anosmia
inability to smell most common cause is a blow to the head the damages olfactory nerves incomplete deficits seen with a variety of disorders
66
ageusia
inability to taste | rare due to multiple pathways carrying taste information
67
selective attention
improves perception of what is attended to and interferes with that which is not.
68
change blindness
no memory of that which is not attended to
69
cocktail phenomenon
indicates that there is processing of information not attended to
70
simulatanagnosia
a difficulty attending to more than one visual object at a time. bilateral damage to the dorsal stream

bio psych (6 decks)

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