Psyche week 1-4 Flashcards
What does the word ‘psychology’ mean?
Psychology is derived from ‘psyche’ (soul/mind) and ‘ology’ (study of), meaning the study of human behavior and the mind.
Who introduced the theory of dualism?
Rene Descartes introduced dualism, which explains the separation between biological and mental processes.
What is the Cartesian paradigm?
A philosophical framework developed by Descartes that emphasizes the separation of mind and body.
Who is considered the father of modern psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt, who established the first psychological laboratory in 1879.
What is structuralism in psychology?
A school of thought introduced by Edward Titchener that analyzes the structure of consciousness through introspection.
What is functionalism?
A psychological perspective promoted by William James that focuses on the purpose of consciousness and behavior.
What is psychoanalysis?
A theory developed by Sigmund Freud that focuses on unconscious processes and early childhood experiences.
What is behaviorism?
A psychological approach led by John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner that focuses on observable behavior and reinforcement.
What was the cognitive revolution?
A movement in the 1950s-60s that shifted focus back to mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving.
What do behaviorists believe about learning?
Behaviorists believe that behavior is learned through environmental factors and reinforcement.
What is conditioned aversion?
A learned dislike or negative response to a stimulus, often used in aversion therapy.
What are the three components of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?
The id (pleasure principle), ego (reality principle), and superego (internal moral code).
What are defense mechanisms?
Psychological strategies used by the ego to reduce anxiety caused by conflicts between the id, ego, and superego.
What is ethnocentrism?
The tendency to view one’s own cultural group as superior and the standard for judging others.
What is individualism vs. collectivism?
Individualism emphasizes personal goals and identity, while collectivism prioritizes group goals and social ties.
What is classical conditioning?
A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
Who discovered classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov, through his experiments with dogs.
What is operant conditioning?
A learning process where behavior is shaped by consequences such as reinforcement or punishment.
Who developed operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner, through his work with reinforcement and punishment.
What is positive reinforcement?
Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.
What is negative reinforcement?
Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.
What is positive punishment?
Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior.
What is negative punishment?
Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.
What are the differences between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses and stimulus associations, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors and consequences.
