Psych/socio Flashcards
society definition
people = share a culture, interact/live with one another. in a defined area
sociology definition
study o how individuals interact with/shape/and are shaped by the society in which they live
what are the 4 main sociological theories? which is micro, macro, or both?
What are other theories besides those 4?
functionalism (macro), conflict theory (macro), symbolic interactionism (micro), social constructionism (both).
feminist theory, rational choice/social exchange theory.
Founder of sociology?
Emile Durkheim
functionalist theory: What it is? micro/macro? Founder?
what is dynamic equilibrium in functionalism? social facts? societal solidarity?
View society holistically, Every part of society has a task to do like a living organism. Founder is Herbert Spencer. health system = heart, government = vessels, etc. Society can adapt to changes like organisms can. modern society is more complex than primitive societies. social institutions rely on each other to keep a healthy society. society always aims to maintain a state of dynamic equilibrium. social facts = laws, morals, values, religions, customs, etc. societal solidarity = collective conscience.
social dysfunction?
when an institution is not doing its job properly
manifest functions
official, intended, and anticipated consequence of a social institution.
latent function
are consequences of a social structure that are not the official purposes that is sought or sanctioned. can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful.
Conflict theory? What it is? Founders? what is capitalism?
Views society as a never-ending competition over limited resources, macro level. Founders = Karl Max and Max Weber. Capitalism = private ownership and competition = ruling class and working class = inequality between the two = polarized society = maintained through hegemony (accepting capitalist values) = end up with class consciousness = overturn the capitalist = start extreme socialism (i.e. communism).
rationalization of society?
defined as our increasing concern with efficiency (max results least effort).
other names for macro?
other names for micro?
macro =top down / zoomed out.
micro = bottom up / zoomed in
symbolic interactionism (macro/micro?), founder?
micro, founded by George Herbert Mead. people make sense of the world by ascribing meaning to things and act toward those things based on those ascribed meanings (subjective meanings on objects, events, and behaviors). society is constructed based on human interpretations. SI holds meaning to be the center of behavior. humans ascribe meaning and act based on those meanings. Language allows for the generation of meaning through interactions.
Based on symbolic interactionism, what things forms the self?
language, play (meet for coffee, no rules), and games (there are thing on stake, there are rules, MCAT).
the “I” and the “me” are from which theory? which theorist? What is the difference between them?
symbolic interactionism. Goargre herbert Mead.
I = individual self (own identity within society)
Me = social self. (identity as a society member)
Thomas theorem?
an interpretation for a situation affect the response to that situation
What is dramaturgical approach? Founder?
life is like a stage, people act different in different situations
weaknesses for symbolic interactionism?
focuses too much on the individual and could miss larger societal issues.
Social constructionism (micro/macro?), what is typification? stocks of knowledge?
people shape reality = reality is socially constructed not inherent. challenge the point that there is one objective reality. focus on social constructs of society from both micro and macro.
typification = classify objects quickly based on previous knowledge (stocks of knowledge).
feminist theory
social experience of men and women and difference between these experiences. examine social structure that contribute to difference between males and females. multiple waves, focuses on “intersectionality” as well
Rational choice (other name/s for the theory?) what are the assumptions about the theory? (micro/macro?) criticized for?
other names include exchange theories/social exchange theory/ game theory/rational actor theory.
economic approach. weight costs and benefits and acts accordingly. Both micro and macro. Assumptions include that human behavior is utilitarian. and that individuals are rational and seek to maximize self interest. critized for assuming the inherent rationality of humans. minimize the role of culture and subjective meaning.
major critism of conflicnt theory?
dont see cooparative alustiric bahaviors sometimes present
Founders of conflict theory
Karl Max and Max Weber
Karl Max takes on conflict theory
he believed class struggle lead to tension = capilitalism collabs = socialism extreme.
Top person founder of sociology?
Top 3 people founders of sociology?
1 - Emily Durkeim
2- Max Kurl, Max Weber, and Emily Durkeim
Symbolic interactionism holds the principal of ——— to be the central aspect of human behavior.
meaning
the role of language in symbolic interactionism?
language allow humans to generate meaning through social interaction.
looking glass self?
try to imagine how others think of us?
First wave fiminisim. when did it happen?
focused on Women’s sufferage = right to vote, own property, equal rights with marriage, and work for a wage.
happened in 1900
Second wave of feminism focused on? when did it happen?
1960-1970
focused on women’s liberation = gender equality, sexual rights, reproductive rights, and resisting patriarchal culture.
third wave of fiminsim? when?
1980-now
intersectionality.
p- value? in research. smaller means?
indicate whether results are due to independent variables or due to chance. smaller = stronger results
What are the requirements for a good experiment design?
selection of experiment and control groups.
random sampling from a population
random assignment to groups
control of extraneous variables
double blind in research?
When both the research and participant dont know who is control and who is expirement
impression bais. What is it? Effect what kind of validity? examples?
participants adapt their responses based on social norms or perceived researcher expectations. threat to internal validity. examples include self-fulling prophecy, not being double blinded, and Hawthorne effect.
Confounding variable?
variable that affect both DV nad IV.
Attrition effects
when the study is too long and participants start to fatigue or drop out form the study.
What are common threats to internal validity? (5)
impression managament confounding variable lack of reliability sampling bias (selection criteria not random = not conditions for statistical tests i.e. not normally disturbed) attrition effects
What are some threats to external validity?
experiment doesnt reflect the real world. (too much lab settings and lab control) selection criteria (too strict in selection criteria) situational effect (lab situation effect results) lack of statistical power (sample group have high variability or sample size is too small).
Non experimental design? what are the major difference between exp and non exp?
non exp lack a control group. variables are not directly manipulated.
observational studies?
studies in which the researcher does not interfere with or manipulate variables.
ethnographic studies
an observational study that takes a deep dive into a particular culture or subculture.
Twin studies, heritability studies
studies that attempt to establish the relative effects of nature vs nurture on behavior.
archival studies - biographical studies
studies that use the historical record to understand events (archival) and people (biographical).
phenomenological studies
Studies that attempt to understand conscience experience from a first-person perspective.
case studies
detailed exploration of one individual “case” or occurrence of a phenomenon.
longitudinal studies
long term studies that takes measures at different time interavals.
how flaws can happen to expiremental studies? Non exp studies?
exp = not enough control on the study
non exp = too much control/interference with the study
operational definition
a formal definition used for research that can be measured by the expirementer.
what does a correlation of 0 means? -1? +1?
0 is the weakest correlation possible (no correlation at all). +1/-1 strongest correlation. -1 means inversely proportional.
what letter represent correlation in a study?
r
Inductive reasoning. Begins with what? ends with what? other name?
Inductive reasoning begins with the specific and ends with the general; it is therefore called the “bottom up” approach
Deductive reasoning begins with —– and ends with —–; it is therefore called the ——— approach.
begins with the general and ends with the specific; it is therefore called the “top down” approach.
common conscienceless vs class consciences
common con = from functionalism (emily) theory. when where a society shares values, beliefs, and/or social norms that exert a cohesive pull, connecting members to one another. Class consciousness refers to members of an exploited group who are actively aware of themselves as an exploited group, so they will join together to help one another as a community
life course prespective for personality?
what is personality? what are the thoeries?
what is the behaviourist theory of personality? Who is the author?
theuopetic appraoches for personalities theories
how does the drive theory for motivation works?
What are the components of an emotion?
Theories of emotions
when does behavoir is more likely to influence attitude?
role-playing
public decleration
justification of effort = if u work hard for something u r more likely to assign to it more value
those behaviors are more likely to effect our attitude
cognitive dissonance. what it is? how can it happen.
tension resulting from a mismatch between belief and behavior or between two beliefs. this tension is not felt however if you r forced to do something you disagree with. but rather only when you volunteerly do something
brain parts and function?
