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Psych/Soc > Psych/Soc Class 7 > Flashcards

Psych/Soc Class 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensing of Visual Stimuli

A
  1. Stimuli from left visual field will be sent to right side of each retina
  2. Regardless of which eye, it will travel to the right hemisphere (if from left eye, it will cross over at the optic chiasm)
  3. Stimuli from right visual field will be sent to left side of each retina
  4. regardless of which eye, it will travel to the left hemisphere (if from right eye, it will cross over at the optic chiasm)
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2
Q

Amygdala

A

Deals with emotional responses like fear and anger

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3
Q

Superior colliculus

A

Known for eye movement

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4
Q

Sensing of Auditory Stimuli

A

When you hear a sound, the waves hit the auricle > travels through external auditory canal > hits tympanic membrane > hits the 3 bones > neutrotransmitters activate auditory neurons then goes through brain

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5
Q

Sound travelling through right ear/ left ear

A

Goes through cochlear nucleus then at brainstem, it crosses over to auditory cortex on left side hemisphere / right side hemisphere if travelling from left ear

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6
Q

Sensing of Gustatory Stimuli

A

Information about taste is transmitted via cranial nerves to an area in the brain in temporal lobe(not far from where brain receives olfactory information)

  • Stimulus is processed in gustatory cortex in insula
  • Processes emotions of disgust too
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7
Q

Taste receptors

A

= “taste buds”
Can recognize 5 stimuli: bitter, salt, sweet, sour, umami

Made of specialized epithelial cells which have pores with taste hairs that detect food chemicals

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8
Q

Sensation vs Perception

A

Sensation is the ENCODING of physical energy from environment

Perception is the DECODING of sensations through selection, organization & interpretation

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9
Q

Psychophysics

A

study of how physical stimuli are translated into a psychological experience

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10
Q

Different stimuli we can detect

A

taste, smell, touch, pain, sound, light

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11
Q

Sensing of olfactory stimuli

A
  1. Olfactory receptors found in roof of nasal pharynx
  2. Receptors detect airborne chemicals that dissolve in mucus covering nasal membrane
  3. Olfactory nerves project directly to olfactory bulb of brain which is located in temporal lobe near limbic system
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12
Q

Sensing of bodily stimuli

A

Body senses tactile information to somatosensory cortex through neural pathways to spinal cord, brain stem & thalamus

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13
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

part of the nervous system that integrates touch, pressure, temperature & pain

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14
Q

Primary somatosensory area

A

The primary cortex for touch sensations and is located in lateral post-central gyrus which is prominent structure in parietal lobe
- detects touch

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15
Q

Premotor cortex

A

Responsible for some motor control

- located anterior to primary motor cortex

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16
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Main contributor to generate neural impulses that pass down to spinal cord & control execution of movement
- located in anterior paracentral lobule on medial surface

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17
Q

Kinethesis

A

AKA proprioception

– allows us to sense position of limbs in space as well as detect bodily movements

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18
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Detect mechanical disturbances like pressure or distortion

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19
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Respond to physical disturbances in body

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20
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Comprehension of speech

  • Also known as fluent aphasia, receptive aphasia, wernicke’s aphasia
  • located in posterior superior temporal gyrus
  • non coherent (not easy to understand)
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21
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Production of speech

  • Also known as non-fluent aphasia, broca’s aphasia, expressive aphasia
  • located in inferior frontal gyrus
  • coherent (easy to understand)
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22
Q

Ventral stream vs dorsal stream

A

Ventral stream - processes what objects are in temporal lobe

Dorsal stream - processes where objects are located in parietal lobe

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23
Q

What system is located in the most forward & underpart of brain?

A

Olfactory system

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24
Q

Split Brain

A

Corpus callosum is severed

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25
Q

Blindsight

A

Ability to accurately guess what an object is without consciously seeing it
Usually happens in patients with primary visual cortex damage

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26
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to process sensory information

  • Caused by damage to occipitotemporal border
  • NOT memory loss
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27
Q

Frontal Lobe

A 
Personality
Concentration, planning, problem solving
Language production
Emotional reaction
Speech
Smell
Voluntary movement
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28
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Language comprehension
LTM
Face recognition
Hearing

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29
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Touch
Pressure
Taste
Body awareness

30
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Visual processing

31
Q

Cerebellum

A

Balance
Procedural memory
Coordination of movement

32
Q

Motor cortex

A

Found at back of frontal lobe

Receives info from various lobes & utilizes information to carry out body movements

33
Q

Weber’s Law

A

“Just noticeable difference”

  • two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion, which varies by type of stimulus but remains constant within a given stimulus
34
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Method for quantifying a person’s ability to detect a given stimulus admist other non-important stimuli

Stimulus present + response present = HIT
Stimulus present + response absent = MISS (Type II error - False negative)
Stimulus absent + response present = False alarm (Type I error - False positive)
Stimulus absent + response absent = Correct rejection

35
Q

Difference between SDT and weber’s law

A

SDT is more accurate and will changed based on experience, expectations, alertness & motivations

36
Q

Detecting stimulus in SDT depends on…

A

Acquiring information

Applying criteria

37
Q

Accuracy of stimulus depends on…

A

Internal noise

External noise

38
Q

ROC Curve

A

Receiver operating characteristic curve

  • graphical plot that tracks hit rate vs false alarm rate in order to represent receiver’s accuracy at given task
  • want HIGH hit rate, LOW false alarm rate
39
Q

4 stimulus properties

A
  1. Modality - type of stimulus detected; based on type of receptor firing
  2. Intensity - how strong stimulus is; encoded by rate of firing of action potentials
  3. Location - communicated by receptive field of stimulus
  4. Duration - how long stimulus is present
40
Q

Types of receptors

A

Tonic receptors - generate action potentials as long as stimulus is present

Phasic receptors - fire only when stimulus begins; communicates changes in stimulus

41
Q

Feature detection theory

A

explains that certain parts of brain are activated for specific visual stimuli

  1. Feature detector neurons respond only to specific features of visual stimulus such as shape, angle, etc
  2. Visual cortex passes sensory info to the part of brain responsible for perception of that object
  3. Visual perception results from interaction of numerous specialized neural systems, each of which performs a specific, simple task
42
Q

Parallel propcessing

A

Occurs so that many aspects of visual stimulus are processed simultaneously rather than step-wise

  • When you have a visual scene you have: retinal processing, recognition, abstraction & feature detection occurring simultaneously
43
Q

Bottom up vs Top down processing

A

Bottom up (micro)
- starts with info sensory receptors have and build up to final product in brain
Top down (macro)
- starts with larger concept and works down to details
- influenced by knowledge, experiences & expectations

44
Q

Perceptual organization

A

to be able to transform sensory information into useful perception, you need to organize it; keep it separate from environment; must be able to detect motion & perceive distance

45
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

organize sensory information into meaningful patterns that you perceive

Law of Similarity - similar objects grouped together

Law of proximity - objects near each other are grouped together

Law of continuity - smooth, good continuation

Law of closure - perceive objects as a complete full entity

Law of common fate - predicts objects moving in same direction are one object

Law of connectedness - objects that are joined are perceived as connected

Law of simplicity - patterns are seen in simplest way possible

Figure/ground - tendency for ambiguous images to pop back & forth playing tricks on our mind

46
Q

Broadbent Filter model of Selective Attention

A
  • proposed that brain has limited brain activity
    Attended & unattended entry sensory sore > selective filter will decay unattended but pass attended to higher level processing through bottleneck > goes into working memory
47
Q

Treisman Attenuation Model

A

Attended & unattended entry sensory sore > attenuated filter will turn “down” the volume of unattended but pass both messages into higher level processing through bottleneck > goes into working memory

48
Q

Cocktail part effect

A

Occurs when you filter out other conversations until your name or something important is mentioned, at which point your attn shifts to this other channel

49
Q

Multitasking

A 
"Divided attention"
Successful multitasking depends on:
- task similarity
- task difficulty
- task practice
50
Q

Schema

A

Mental framework that allows us to organize experiences/stimuli & respond to new experiences/stimuli

51
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

A 
Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs) - object permanence, stranger anxiety
Preoperational (2-7 yrs) - pretend play, egocentrism
Concrete Operational (7-11 yrs) - conservation
Formal Operational (11+) - abstract logic, moral reasoning
52
Q

Problem Solving tactics

A

Trial & error - try several potential solutions & rule out those that don’t work

Insight - try out a problem then all at once solution comes to you

Algorithm - step by step procedure that exhausts all possible options

Heuristic - mental rule of thumb, shortcut or guideline

53
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Seek evidence to support our conclusions or ideas more than we seek evidence to refute them; also interpret neutral evidence as supporting our beliefs

54
Q

Fixation

A

Structured a problem in your mind a certain way, even if that way is ineffective & are unable to restructure it and see it in a fresh perspective

55
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Mental bias that limits view of how an object can be used based on how that object is traditionally used

56
Q

Mental set

A

Tendency to approach situations in certain way because that method worked for us in past

57
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Occurs when you rely on examples that immediately come to mind when we are trying to make a decision or judgement

58
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

Occurs when we estimate the likelihood of an event by comparing it to an existing prototype that exists in our mind

59
Q

Intelligence

A

Ability to learn from experience & adapt to environment

60
Q

Social intelligence

A

Ability to manage & understand people

61
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

ability to monitor & discriminate emotions in order to guide thinking and action

62
Q

Theories of intelligence

A
  1. General intelligence “g”
  2. Social intelligence
  3. Emotional intelligence
63
Q

Types of intelligence

A
  1. Fluid intelligence - reason abstractly, increased processing speed
  2. Crystallized intelligence - accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
64
Q

Two mindsets regarding intelligence

A
  1. Fixed - belief that intelligence & abilities are static

2. Growth - belief that intelligence & abilities can be developed through effort

65
Q

Language development stages

A

4-6 months: babies use sounds
6-9 months: babbling becomes more focused
10-12 months: first words develop
18-24 months: toddlers begin using 2 word phrases
2-3 yrs: 3 word phrases in correct order with inflection
4-5 yrs: speaking with accurate syntax
5-7 yrs: begin using & understanding more complex language
9+ yrs: children understand almost all forms of language

66
Q

Theories of language development

A

BF Skinner’s behaviourist theory
- language development comes from classical & more imp. operant conditioning

Noam Chomsky’s nativist theory

  • infants are born with innate ability to use language
  • human brains evolve language acquisition device that is capable of understanding universal grammar common to all human languages
  • all humans will learn language when exposed during critical period which ends before puberty

Lev Vygotsky’s Interactionist theory
- inbetween (some biological and some social interactions)

67
Q

Sapir- Whorf Hypothesis

A
  • Also known as Linguistic relativity hypothesis
  • different structures & vocab of different languages strongly effect thinking of those who use these languages
  • esp diff names for colours affects categorical perception
68
Q

Linguistic Determinism

A

More intense form of s-w hypothesis

- language determines thought & emotions/feelings & linguistic categories limit and determine cognitive categories

69
Q

Perceptual Set

A

Mental tendencies & assumptions that affect what one perceives

70
Q

pons

A

Controls primitive functions like swallowing, respiration

Psych/Soc (24 decks)

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