Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych/Soc > Psych/Soc Class 4 > Flashcards

Psych/Soc Class 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

OCEAN model

A 
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeablness
Neuroticism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Theories of Personality

A
  • Life course perspective
  • Psychoanalytic perspective
  • Humanist perspective
  • Behaviorist perspective
  • Social cognitive perspective
  • Trait perspective
  • Biological perspective
  • Behavioural genetics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Personality

A

Our thoughts, feelings, ways of thinking about things, beliefs and behaviours
- core component of who we consider ourselves to be

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Life course perspective

A

A multidisciplinary approach developed to understand individual lives from a cultural, social & structural perspective

  • age & health
  • demographics
  • disability prevalence
  • SES
  • Family structure
  • major life events
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective

A

Personality is shaped by the unconscious

Libido (life drive) - behaviour is focused on survival, pleasure, avoidance of pain

Death drive - behaviour is destructive/dangerous, want to hurt oneself or others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ID, Ego, Superego

A

ID - largely unconscious, focused on pleasure & avoiding pain
Ego - responsible for logical thinking & planning as we deal with reality
Superego - responsible for moral judgements of right and wrong, strives for perfection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages

A 
Oral (0-1 yrs)
Anal (1-3 yrs)
Phallic (3-6 yrs)
Latency (6-12 yrs)
Genital (12+ yrs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial stages

A 
Trust vs Mistrust (Infancy)
Autonomy vs Shame (Early childhood)
Initiative vs Guilt (Pre-school age)
Industry vs Inferiority (School age)
Identity vs Role confusion (Adolescence)
Intimacy vs Isolation (Early adulthood)
Generativity vs Stagnation (Middle adulthood)
Integrity vs Despair (Late adulthood)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Humanist perspective

A

Driven by an actualizing tendency to realize their highest potential & personality conflicts arise when it’s thwarted

Carl Rogers - main goal of development is establishment of differentiated self-concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When is self-actualization accomplished?

A

When parents exhibit unconditional positive regard

* Those raised with conditional positive regard will only feel worth when they’ve met certain conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Behaviourist perspective

A

Personality is a result of learned behaviour patterns based on our environment

B.F. Skinner - personality is interaction bw individual & environment, only observable/measurable behaviors are of interest; personality is deterministic (people begin as a blank slate then reinforcement & punishment completely determine subsequent behaviors & personalities)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Social cognitive perspective

A

Personality is a result of reciprocal interactions among behavioural, cognitive & environmental factors

Albert Bandura - patterns of behaviour are learned not just through classical & operant conditioning but also through observational learning; cognitive processes are involved in both observational learning & development of beliefs about self-efficacy
–> Bobo doll experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

Imitating behaviour others are rewarded for

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Trait perspective

A

Personality is result of traits which are habitual patterns of behaviour, thought & emotion that are relatively stable over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cardinal traits

A

Rare & develop later in life; dominate individual’s whole life to the point that the person becomes known specifically for that trait (dispositional)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Central traits

A

General characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality & describe people across different situations (dispositional)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Secondary traits

A

Sometimes related to attitudes or preferences; dependent on situation (situational)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

Associated with trait theory & proposed that genetics primarily determine personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Biological perspective

A

Personality is the result of individual differences in brain biology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Shared vs Nonshared environment

A

Shared - the environment shared by siblings reared in the same family
Nonshared - the environment unique to the individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hertiability

A

A metric used to determine how much of a variation is caused by genetic differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Monozygotic vs Dizygotic twins

A

Monozygotic share 100% of their genes while dizygotic share 50% therefore identical twins are more alike based on genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q 
Therapeutic approaches
Perspective: Psychoanalytic 
- Root of personality
- How to treat
- Therapy
A
  • unconscious
  • deal with repressed childhood memory “couch therapy”
  • psychodynamic, psychotherapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q 
Therapeutic approaches
Perspective: Humanistic 
- Root of personality
- How to treat
- Therapy
A
  • Self-concept
  • develop unconditional +ve regard, idealized & real self aligning
  • “client”-centered therapy
25
Q 
Therapeutic approaches
Perspective: Behavioural
- Root of personality
- How to treat
- Therapy
A
  • Shaped by the environment
  • reinforcement & punishment
  • behavioural therapy
26
Q 
Therapeutic approaches
Perspective: Social Cognitive 
- Root of personality
- How to treat
- Therapy
A
  • behaviour, environment & cognitions
  • learned helplessness (reinforce better thoughts, provide better models)
  • cognitive behavioural therapy
27
Q

Motivation

A

Driving force that causes us to act or behave in certain ways including: instincts, drives, needs & arousal

28
Q

Instincts

A

Unlearned behaviours in fixed patterns throughout species

29
Q

Drives

A

Urges arising from physiological discomfort such as dry throat

30
Q

Arousal

A

Restlessness, boredom or curiosity may motivate behaviour even when other needs are met

31
Q

Needs

A

Biological needs & “higher level” needs such as love and belonging

32
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

Physiological need creates an aroused state that drives an organism to address that need by engaging in some behaviour that will reduce the arousal

33
Q

Maslow’s Pyramid

A

Bottom - Top:
Physiological needs (food, water, sex)
Safety Needs (shelter, stability,, order)
Love & belonging (need to be loved and give love)
Esteem needs (need to be recognizied)
Self-actualization (reach full potential

34
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Explains human behaviour as motivated by a hierarchy of needs

35
Q

Components of emotion

A

Physiological (bodily)
- arousal or an excitation of body’s internal state (eg. heart pounding)

Cognitive (mental)
- appraisal & interpretation of situation (assessing situation)

Behavioural (action)
- expressive behaviours that accompany emotion (eg. crying)

36
Q

Theories of emotion

A

James-Lange theory:
Stimulus —> physiological response —> emotions
- physiological arousal causes emotion
- discredited unless for specific phobia

Cannon-Bard:
Stimulus —> 1) physiological response 2) Emotion
- emotion & physiological arousal happen simultaneously

Schachter-Singer:
Stimulus —> Physiological response —> cognitive interpretation —> Emotions
- emotion is determined by arousal & context
- known as ‘two factor theory’ because emotion begins as physiological arousal which brain then attempts to interpret and label

37
Q

Universal Emotions

A 
Happiness
Sadness
Surprise
Disgust
Anger
Fear
*Joy
38
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

There is an optimal level of emotional arousal for performance
- you want emotional arousal to a certain level but not too much because it will inhibit performance

39
Q

How is emotion adaptive?

A
  • Enhances survival by prompting quick decisions
  • Promotes group cohesion & solidarity
  • Helps in decision-making on a daily basis
40
Q

Stressors

A

Events that pose a threat to our physical or mental well-being

41
Q

Types of Stressors

A

Daily hassles
- everyday irritations in life (eg. traffic)

Significant life changes
- personal events with major impact on our lives; can be pleasant (eg. marriage) or unpleasant (eg. divorce)

Catastrophes
- unpredictable large-scale events (eg. natural disasters and wartime events)

Ambient Stressors
- Part of our environment (eg. pollution)

42
Q

Limbic System

A

Responsible for emotion processing & formation of memories

43
Q

Hippocampus

A

Part of limbic system

  • very important in converting things in your mind (STM) into things you’ll remember forever (LTM)
  • if damaged, cannot code for new memories; known as ‘anterograde amnesia’
44
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Characterized by behaving in a manner that’s actually the opposite of one’s true feelings

45
Q

Displacement

A

Involves shifting a forbidden desire or impulse onto another object of desire or interest that is more acceptable

46
Q

Projection

A

Involves placing feelings that are forbidden or unacceptable in some way onto another person

47
Q

HPA Axis

A

Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis

  • major endocrine system that controls reactions to stress & regulates diff body processes
  • complex set of direct influences & feedback interaction among HPA organs
48
Q

Cognitive Appraisal of stress

A
  • very imp in eliminating stress
    Primary response: initial evaluation, focuses directly on present threat: 1) irrelevant? 2) benign or positive? 3) dangerous or threatening?

Secondary response: evaluation of our ability to cope with stressor (damage caused and how to deal with situation)

49
Q

Social support

A

Perception or reality that one is member of a supportive social network

  • support can be tangible, informational, emotional or companionable
  • imp in reducing psychological distress & increasing physical health
50
Q

Models of Social Support

A
  1. Buffering hypothesis
    - social support serves as a protective layer creating psychological distance between a person & stressful events
  2. Direct effects hypothesis
    - social support provides better health & wellness benefits; healthier people are better able to manage stress
51
Q

General Adaptation Syndrom

A

3 stages

  1. Alarm - similar to fight or flight rx
  2. Resistance - body becomes resistant to stressor
  3. Exhaustion - if we have chronic stress, our body gives up
52
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

Suggests we feel tension (dissonance) whenever we hold two thoughts or beliefs (cognitions) that are incompatible or when our attitudes & behaviours don’t match

  • in order to reduce it, we make our view of the world match how we feel or what we’ve done
  • Must change our beliefs to match our behaviour or change our behaviour to match our belief
53
Q

Attitude

A

Our evaluation (+ to -) of other people, events, etc

  • formed from past and present experience
  • are measurable and mutable
  • imp impact on emotions & behaviours
54
Q

3 components of attitude

A

Affect - our feelings about the person, event or object
Behaviour - our internal & external responses to the person, event or object
Cognitive - our thoughts & beliefs about the person, event or object

55
Q

Instances where attitude influences behaviour

A
  1. When social influences are reduced
  2. When general patterns of behaviour, not specific behaviours, are observed
  3. When specific attitudes rather than general attitudes are considered
  4. When self-reflection occurs
56
Q

Instances where behaviour influences attitude

A
  1. When role playing
  2. When we make public declaration
  3. When you put a lot of effort into something (justification of effort)
57
Q

Principle of aggregation

A

Attitude affects a person’s aggregate/avg behaviour, but not necessarily each isolated act

58
Q

What’s included in the limbic system?

A

Collection of brain structures responsible for emotional experience:

  • main structure: amygdala
  • -> deep within the brain & serves as conductor of our emotional experiences
  • -> The amygdala communicates with the hypothalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • -> controls physiological aspects of emotion, such as sweating and a racing heart
  • hippocampus
  • -> brain structure that plays a key role in forming memories

Psych/Soc (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions