Psych/Soc Class 2 Flashcards
What’s a social institution?
Standardized sets of social norms organized to preserve basic societal value
Name 5 social instutions
- Education
- Family
- Religion
- Health & medicine
- Government, economy & politics
What is education?
A formal process where knowledge, skills & values are systemically transmitted from one individual to another
What is hidden curicculum?
Unintentional lessons about norms, values & beliefs
What is teacher expectancy?
Students tent to match teacher expectations (+/-)
What are the 5 main functions of a family?
- Affection & Companionship
- Reproduction & monitoring sexual behaviour
- Protection
- Socialization
- Social Status
What is the difference between democracy, monarchy, authoritarian & totalitarian?
Democracy: citizens choose officials to run government
Monarchy: 1 family controls government, power passed through that family
Authoritarian: Citizens not allowed to participate to choose government but are free to do other things
Totalitarian: total control by government
What is the “Iron Law of Oligarchy”?
A small group of people with similar beliefs/interests control large groups & organizations; power is concentrated at top
What is McDonaldization?
The idea that chains overpower society
According to Max Weber, what are the characteristics of ideal bureaucracy?
- Division of labor
- Written rules & expectations
- Impersonality & Neutrality
- Officials hired & promoted based on technical competence
- Hierarchal structure
What is medicalization?
Process through which human conditions are defined & treated as medical conditions
What drives medicalization?
- New info/discoveries regarding conditions
- Changing social attitudes or economic considerations
- Development of new medications/treatments
What is the sick role?
Individuals who are ill have certain rights & obligations in society and if they cannot fulfill same duties as a person in good health can, the social allows for a reasonable amount of deviant behavior
- The right to be exempt from social roles
- The right to not be responsible for their condition
- Obligation to try to seek treatment
- Obligation to try to get better
What are the 3 versions of sick role?
- Conditional: condition is temp.
- Unconditional legitimate: condition is incurable
- Illegitimate: condition is stigmatized by others
What is social epidemiology?
Study of social determinants of health and use social concepts to explain patterns of health in population
What is the socioeconomic gradient of health?
The theory that as socioeconomic factors increase, there is a proportional increase in health and health outcomes
What is the difference between the Malthusian theory and the Demographic Transition Theory?
Malthusian theory - unchecked population growth would quickly exceed carrying capacity, leading to over population & catastrophes
Demographic Transition Theory - socieities transition from high birth & death rate to low birth & death rates
What is gender identity & how is it developed?
Gender identity is the extent to which one identifies with a particular gender (women / man)
Developed through 3 stages:
- As toddlers/preschoolers you learn defined characteristics, which are socialized aspects of gender
- 5-7 yrs it is more rigid (consolidation)
- After peak of rigidity, fluidity returns & socially defined gender roles relax
What’s the difference between race & ethnicity?
Race is dividing people into groups based on various sets of shared physical characteristics
Ethnicity is dividing people into groups based on common nationality or shared cultural traditions
Food desert
Area typically in highly populated lower income urban areas that don’t have access to fresh healthy food
Environmental Injustice
Low SES & minority groups tend to live in areas where environmental hazards are disproportionally high
Residential segregation
Physical seperation of groups into different areas typically along the lines of race, ethnicity & SES
Social segregation
Tendency of people from the same social groups to interact with each other and have minimal contact with individuals from other social groups
Prejudice vs Discrimination
Prejudice is the belief/judgement towards people based on group membership and discrimination is the biased treatment
Gentrification
Changing neighborhoods through renovations& capital investment that often strips ethnic & cultural character
Urbanization
Population shift from rural to urban areas and can experience inequality
Globalization
Process of international integration
Social Movements
Groups actions that attempt to promote, resist or undo social change
Socioeconomic Status
Measured by combo of education, income & occupation
Defined by power, prestige & property
Relative vs Absolute poverty
Relative - inability to meet avg standard of living defined by a given society
Absolute - inability to secure the basic necessities of life
What determines your social mobility?
Physical, social & cultural capital
Social reproduction
Social inequality is transmitted from one GENERATION to another
Structural Mobility
A type of vertical mobility which brings changes to the hierarchy itself (whole class, group or occupation changes hierarchy level)
Status vs Role
Status - socially-defined position in society
Role - socially-defined expectation based on position in society
Define role exit, role conflict & role strain
Role exit - transition from one role to another
Role conflict - Conflict among expectations for MULTIPLE social positions
Role Strain - Tension in expectations of a SINGLE social position
Difference between group, aggregate & category
Group - small number of people (>/ 2) who identify and interact
Aggregate - share the same space but don’t identify or interact
Category - share certain characteristics but don’t regularly interact
Social Network vs Organization
Social network is a web of social relationships in which person is directly linked to others as well as those in which people are indirectly connected through others.
Organization is a large group of people with common purpose and is impersonal and hierarchically structured
3 types of organizations
- Utilitarian - members are motivated by incentive/reward
- Normative - members are motivated by common cause/belief
- Coercive - members are forced to join
Cultural transmission
The methods a group of people within a society or culture use to learn and pass on new info
Cultural diffusion
spreading cultural beliefs & social activities from one group to another
Assimilation
two cultures influence one another that one culture starts to adopt the other’s lifestyle
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the inherent superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture
Cultural Relativism
principle that an individual human’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individuals own culture
Values vs beliefs
Values - how it should be, not a law
Beliefs - specific ideas people feel to be true; will abide by
General fertility rate vs crude birth rate
General fertility rate - annual # of live births for every 1000 women of child bearing age
Crude birth rate- annual # of live births for every 100 people in population
Replacement level fertility
of offspring that need to be produced to replace people who have died
Sub-replacement fertility
birth rate > death rate
What is culture
Everything that’s made, learned and/or shared by members of society
Can be material (food, clothes, car) or nonmatieral culture (values, beliefs, intangible objects)
Define the 3 different types of culture
- Dominant culture - group whose members are in the majority & wield more power than other groups
- Subculture - group that lives differently from dominant culture but doesn’t oppose them
- Counterculture- subculture that opposes dominant culture
What are the 4 categories of child abuse?
Sexual, emotional, physical & neglect
Define the difference between patriarchy, matriarchy & egalitarian
Patriarchy - men > women
Matriarchy - women > men
Egalitarian - both treated as equals
Polygny vs polyandry
Polygny - man married to more than one woman
polyandry - woman married to more than one man
Define kinship
who we think we’re related to
Bilateral descent
Kin groups that involve both maternal & paternal relations
Anarachy
A society without a public government
Aristocratic government
Controlled by small group of people based on specific qualifications
Aristocracies - ruled by elite citizens
Meritocracies - ruled by those with merit
Autocratic govenement
Controlled by single person or small group
Dictatorship - ruled by one person
Fascist govenement - rule by small group of leaders
Different structures of governments
Republican government - country is a public concern
Federalist government - representative head shares power w/ constituent groups
Parliamentary government - both legislative & executive boards
Welfare vs state capitalism
Welfare capitalism - mostly private owned except for social welfare programs
State capitalism - companies are privately run but work closely with government
What are the different economic structures?
Mixed, command(planned), market & traditional
Mechanical vs Organic Solidarity
Mechanical - allows society to remain integrated bc individuals have common beliefs which lead to each person having an experience
Organic - allows society to remain integrated through division of labor which leads to each person having a personal experience
Forms of religious organizations
- Ecclesia - dominant religious organization that includes most members of society; born into it & don’t tolerate other religions (Eg. Islam)
- Church - well integrated into larger society; usually born into it but allow people to join; well stipulated rules & regulations
- Sect - distinct from larger society; usually breaking away from larger religious institutions; membership is through birth or conversion
- Cult/New religious movement - far outside societies norms & often involves different lifestyle
5 major world religions
- Christianity - largest single faith in the world; monotheistic; identify as christians
- Islam - second largest faith in the world; monotheistic; identify as muslims
- Hinduism - polytheistic; believes in reincarnation
- Buddhism - teaches overcoming cravings for physical/material pleasures through meditation
- Judaism - monotheistic
Secularization
Religion loses its significance in modern society
Fundamentalists
Strictly adhere to religious beliefs
Deductive vs inductive reasoning
Deductive is top down - general to specific
Inductive is bottom up - specific to general
Demographic studies of the global population suggest what?
- world is experiencing population growth until 2050
- national population of USA is increasing
- crude birth & death rate is decreasing
- population exceeded 7 BILLION in last decade
Population lag
A population-lag effect refers to the fact that changes in total fertility rates are often not reflected in the birth rate for several generations until those female babies come of age to reproduce
Suburbanization
People move from urban to suburban areas; contributes to urban decline
Urbanization
People move from rural and suburban areas to urban areas; contributes to urban growth
Counter-urbanization
People move from urban to rural areas; contributes to urban decline
Colonization
Form of immigration where a group of people arrives in an already settled land and proceeds to dominate and exploit the indigenous peoples
Emigration
Leaving an old area to a new area
Confirmation Bias
Tendency to only search for information that confirms a previously held belief
False Consensus
Assume everyone agrees
Belief Bias
One will judge an argument based on whether the conclusions are agreeable, rather than whether the argument itself is logical
Professions
- white collared jobs
- requires special education
- have a service orientation
