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Psych/Soc > Psych/Soc Class 2 > Flashcards

Psych/Soc Class 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s a social institution?

A

Standardized sets of social norms organized to preserve basic societal value

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2
Q

Name 5 social instutions

A
  1. Education
  2. Family
  3. Religion
  4. Health & medicine
  5. Government, economy & politics
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3
Q

What is education?

A

A formal process where knowledge, skills & values are systemically transmitted from one individual to another

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4
Q

What is hidden curicculum?

A

Unintentional lessons about norms, values & beliefs

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5
Q

What is teacher expectancy?

A

Students tent to match teacher expectations (+/-)

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6
Q

What are the 5 main functions of a family?

A
  1. Affection & Companionship
  2. Reproduction & monitoring sexual behaviour
  3. Protection
  4. Socialization
  5. Social Status
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7
Q

What is the difference between democracy, monarchy, authoritarian & totalitarian?

A

Democracy: citizens choose officials to run government
Monarchy: 1 family controls government, power passed through that family
Authoritarian: Citizens not allowed to participate to choose government but are free to do other things
Totalitarian: total control by government

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8
Q

What is the “Iron Law of Oligarchy”?

A

A small group of people with similar beliefs/interests control large groups & organizations; power is concentrated at top

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9
Q

What is McDonaldization?

A

The idea that chains overpower society

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10
Q

According to Max Weber, what are the characteristics of ideal bureaucracy?

A
  1. Division of labor
  2. Written rules & expectations
  3. Impersonality & Neutrality
  4. Officials hired & promoted based on technical competence
  5. Hierarchal structure
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11
Q

What is medicalization?

A

Process through which human conditions are defined & treated as medical conditions

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12
Q

What drives medicalization?

A
  1. New info/discoveries regarding conditions
  2. Changing social attitudes or economic considerations
  3. Development of new medications/treatments
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13
Q

What is the sick role?

A

Individuals who are ill have certain rights & obligations in society and if they cannot fulfill same duties as a person in good health can, the social allows for a reasonable amount of deviant behavior

  1. The right to be exempt from social roles
  2. The right to not be responsible for their condition
  3. Obligation to try to seek treatment
  4. Obligation to try to get better
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14
Q

What are the 3 versions of sick role?

A
  1. Conditional: condition is temp.
  2. Unconditional legitimate: condition is incurable
  3. Illegitimate: condition is stigmatized by others
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15
Q

What is social epidemiology?

A

Study of social determinants of health and use social concepts to explain patterns of health in population

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16
Q

What is the socioeconomic gradient of health?

A

The theory that as socioeconomic factors increase, there is a proportional increase in health and health outcomes

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17
Q

What is the difference between the Malthusian theory and the Demographic Transition Theory?

A

Malthusian theory - unchecked population growth would quickly exceed carrying capacity, leading to over population & catastrophes

Demographic Transition Theory - socieities transition from high birth & death rate to low birth & death rates

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18
Q

What is gender identity & how is it developed?

A

Gender identity is the extent to which one identifies with a particular gender (women / man)

Developed through 3 stages:

  1. As toddlers/preschoolers you learn defined characteristics, which are socialized aspects of gender
  2. 5-7 yrs it is more rigid (consolidation)
  3. After peak of rigidity, fluidity returns & socially defined gender roles relax
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19
Q

What’s the difference between race & ethnicity?

A

Race is dividing people into groups based on various sets of shared physical characteristics

Ethnicity is dividing people into groups based on common nationality or shared cultural traditions

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20
Q

Food desert

A

Area typically in highly populated lower income urban areas that don’t have access to fresh healthy food

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21
Q

Environmental Injustice

A

Low SES & minority groups tend to live in areas where environmental hazards are disproportionally high

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22
Q

Residential segregation

A

Physical seperation of groups into different areas typically along the lines of race, ethnicity & SES

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23
Q

Social segregation

A

Tendency of people from the same social groups to interact with each other and have minimal contact with individuals from other social groups

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24
Q

Prejudice vs Discrimination

A

Prejudice is the belief/judgement towards people based on group membership and discrimination is the biased treatment

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25
Q

Gentrification

A

Changing neighborhoods through renovations& capital investment that often strips ethnic & cultural character

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26
Q

Urbanization

A

Population shift from rural to urban areas and can experience inequality

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27
Q

Globalization

A

Process of international integration

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28
Q

Social Movements

A

Groups actions that attempt to promote, resist or undo social change

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29
Q

Socioeconomic Status

A

Measured by combo of education, income & occupation

Defined by power, prestige & property

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30
Q

Relative vs Absolute poverty

A

Relative - inability to meet avg standard of living defined by a given society

Absolute - inability to secure the basic necessities of life

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31
Q

What determines your social mobility?

A

Physical, social & cultural capital

32
Q

Social reproduction

A

Social inequality is transmitted from one GENERATION to another

33
Q

Structural Mobility

A

A type of vertical mobility which brings changes to the hierarchy itself (whole class, group or occupation changes hierarchy level)

34
Q

Status vs Role

A

Status - socially-defined position in society

Role - socially-defined expectation based on position in society

35
Q

Define role exit, role conflict & role strain

A

Role exit - transition from one role to another
Role conflict - Conflict among expectations for MULTIPLE social positions
Role Strain - Tension in expectations of a SINGLE social position

36
Q

Difference between group, aggregate & category

A

Group - small number of people (>/ 2) who identify and interact
Aggregate - share the same space but don’t identify or interact
Category - share certain characteristics but don’t regularly interact

37
Q

Social Network vs Organization

A

Social network is a web of social relationships in which person is directly linked to others as well as those in which people are indirectly connected through others.

Organization is a large group of people with common purpose and is impersonal and hierarchically structured

38
Q

3 types of organizations

A
  1. Utilitarian - members are motivated by incentive/reward
  2. Normative - members are motivated by common cause/belief
  3. Coercive - members are forced to join
39
Q

Cultural transmission

A

The methods a group of people within a society or culture use to learn and pass on new info

40
Q

Cultural diffusion

A

spreading cultural beliefs & social activities from one group to another

41
Q

Assimilation

A

two cultures influence one another that one culture starts to adopt the other’s lifestyle

42
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Belief in the inherent superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture

43
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

principle that an individual human’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individuals own culture

44
Q

Values vs beliefs

A

Values - how it should be, not a law

Beliefs - specific ideas people feel to be true; will abide by

45
Q

General fertility rate vs crude birth rate

A

General fertility rate - annual # of live births for every 1000 women of child bearing age

Crude birth rate- annual # of live births for every 100 people in population

46
Q

Replacement level fertility

A

of offspring that need to be produced to replace people who have died

47
Q

Sub-replacement fertility

A

birth rate > death rate

48
Q

What is culture

A

Everything that’s made, learned and/or shared by members of society

Can be material (food, clothes, car) or nonmatieral culture (values, beliefs, intangible objects)

49
Q

Define the 3 different types of culture

A
  1. Dominant culture - group whose members are in the majority & wield more power than other groups
  2. Subculture - group that lives differently from dominant culture but doesn’t oppose them
  3. Counterculture- subculture that opposes dominant culture
50
Q

What are the 4 categories of child abuse?

A

Sexual, emotional, physical & neglect

51
Q

Define the difference between patriarchy, matriarchy & egalitarian

A

Patriarchy - men > women
Matriarchy - women > men
Egalitarian - both treated as equals

52
Q

Polygny vs polyandry

A

Polygny - man married to more than one woman

polyandry - woman married to more than one man

53
Q

Define kinship

A

who we think we’re related to

54
Q

Bilateral descent

A

Kin groups that involve both maternal & paternal relations

55
Q

Anarachy

A

A society without a public government

56
Q

Aristocratic government

A

Controlled by small group of people based on specific qualifications

Aristocracies - ruled by elite citizens
Meritocracies - ruled by those with merit

57
Q

Autocratic govenement

A

Controlled by single person or small group

Dictatorship - ruled by one person
Fascist govenement - rule by small group of leaders

58
Q

Different structures of governments

A

Republican government - country is a public concern
Federalist government - representative head shares power w/ constituent groups
Parliamentary government - both legislative & executive boards

59
Q

Welfare vs state capitalism

A

Welfare capitalism - mostly private owned except for social welfare programs

State capitalism - companies are privately run but work closely with government

60
Q

What are the different economic structures?

A

Mixed, command(planned), market & traditional

61
Q

Mechanical vs Organic Solidarity

A

Mechanical - allows society to remain integrated bc individuals have common beliefs which lead to each person having an experience

Organic - allows society to remain integrated through division of labor which leads to each person having a personal experience

62
Q

Forms of religious organizations

A
  1. Ecclesia - dominant religious organization that includes most members of society; born into it & don’t tolerate other religions (Eg. Islam)
  2. Church - well integrated into larger society; usually born into it but allow people to join; well stipulated rules & regulations
  3. Sect - distinct from larger society; usually breaking away from larger religious institutions; membership is through birth or conversion
  4. Cult/New religious movement - far outside societies norms & often involves different lifestyle
63
Q

5 major world religions

A
  1. Christianity - largest single faith in the world; monotheistic; identify as christians
  2. Islam - second largest faith in the world; monotheistic; identify as muslims
  3. Hinduism - polytheistic; believes in reincarnation
  4. Buddhism - teaches overcoming cravings for physical/material pleasures through meditation
  5. Judaism - monotheistic
64
Q

Secularization

A

Religion loses its significance in modern society

65
Q

Fundamentalists

A

Strictly adhere to religious beliefs

66
Q

Deductive vs inductive reasoning

A

Deductive is top down - general to specific

Inductive is bottom up - specific to general

67
Q

Demographic studies of the global population suggest what?

A
  • world is experiencing population growth until 2050
  • national population of USA is increasing
  • crude birth & death rate is decreasing
  • population exceeded 7 BILLION in last decade
68
Q

Population lag

A

A population-lag effect refers to the fact that changes in total fertility rates are often not reflected in the birth rate for several generations until those female babies come of age to reproduce

69
Q

Suburbanization

A

People move from urban to suburban areas; contributes to urban decline

70
Q

Urbanization

A

People move from rural and suburban areas to urban areas; contributes to urban growth

71
Q

Counter-urbanization

A

People move from urban to rural areas; contributes to urban decline

72
Q

Colonization

A

Form of immigration where a group of people arrives in an already settled land and proceeds to dominate and exploit the indigenous peoples

73
Q

Emigration

A

Leaving an old area to a new area

74
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Tendency to only search for information that confirms a previously held belief

75
Q

False Consensus

A

Assume everyone agrees

76
Q

Belief Bias

A

One will judge an argument based on whether the conclusions are agreeable, rather than whether the argument itself is logical

77
Q

Professions

A
  • white collared jobs
  • requires special education
  • have a service orientation

Psych/Soc (24 decks)

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