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Psych/Soc > Psych/Soc Class 5 > Flashcards

Psych/Soc Class 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mental disorder

A

AKA Psychological disorder

A set of behaviour or psychological symptoms that are not in keeping with social norms & are severe enough to cause significant personal district or impairment to social, occupational or personal functioning

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2
Q

Biomedical vs Biopsychosocial

A

Biomedical
- treat with medication, the cause is organic pathology, disabilities, genetics

Biopsychosocial
- treatment would be hollistic, possibly include medication and/or therapy, cause is genetics, SES, economic factors, etc

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3
Q

Level 1 Disorders

A 
Anxiety Disorders
Depressive disorders
Bipolar & related disorders
Schizophrenia spectrum & other psychotic disorders
Trauma and stress related disorders
Personality disorders
OCD
Somatic Symptom disorders
Dissociative disorders
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4
Q

Anxiety Disorder Symptoms

A
  • Excessive fear and/or anxiety
  • Avoidance behaviours
  • Sympathetic activation in the absence of threat
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5
Q

Specific anxiety disorders

A

Phobias
General anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Social anxiety disorder

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6
Q

Phobias

A

A very specific fear

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7
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

excessive anxiety without a specific cause

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8
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

fear/anxiety around social situations or interaction w/ specific people

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9
Q

Panic disorder

A

Involves constant anxiety about reoccurring panic attack

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10
Q

Depressive Disorders

A

Sad, empty and/irritable mood

Not related to normal grief

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11
Q

Depressive Disorder symptoms

A

Must have at least 5 symptoms for 2 weeks or more:

  • insomnia or hypersomnia
  • weight gain or weight loss
  • restlessness or feeling slowed down
  • reoccurring thoughts of death or suicide
  • loss of interest of all activities
  • fatigues/loss of energy
  • depressed or irritable mood
  • Impaired concentration, indecisiveness
  • feelings of worthlessness or guilt
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12
Q

Anhedonia

A

Loss of interest of almost all activities

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13
Q

Monoamine hypothesis

A

Predicts that underlying basis of depression is depletion of levels of serotonin, norepinephrine and/or dopamine in CNS

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14
Q

Bipolar Disorders

A

Bridge bw Psychotic and Depressive disorders

- involves cycles or oscillations or breaks between manic and depressive phases

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15
Q

Specific Bipolar Disorder diagnoses

A

Bipolar I Disorder - spend more time in manic phase > depressive phase
Bipolar II Disorder - spend more time in depressive phase > manic phase
Cyclothymic Disorder - average of B I & II disorder

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16
Q

Bipolar Disorder Symptoms

A

Manic Phase

  • high energy
  • high self esteem
  • irritable
  • quick talking
  • impulsive
  • racing thoughts

Depressive Phase

  • low energy
  • low self esteem
  • lack of concentration
  • lack of interest
  • helplessness
  • suicidal thoughts
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17
Q

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

A
  • Delusions & hallucinations
  • maybe “negative” symptoms
  • involve general detachment from reality
  • disorganized speech & thoughts
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18
Q

Specific Schizophrenia Disorder diagnoses

A

Delusional Disorder
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Schizophreniform Disorder (brief - avg)
Schizophrenia (life long) - affects 1%, characterized by +/- symptoms
Schizoaffective Disorder (combo of bipolar & schiz)

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19
Q

Positive Symptoms

A

Psychotic behaviours not seen in healthy people

- hallucinations, delusions (false beliefs), disorganized speech & thought

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20
Q

Negative Symptoms

A

Disruptions of normal emotions & behaviours, absence of normal patterns
- avolition (lack of motivation), reduced speech and/or interactions, flattened effect

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21
Q

Cognitive Symptoms

A

Thought patterns make it hard to lead normal life & cause emotional distress
- poor executive functioning, trouble focusing or paying attention, problem with working memory

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22
Q

Specific Diagnoses of Trauma & Stressor Related Disorders

A

Adjustment disorder
Post traumatic stress disorder
Acute Stress Disorder

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23
Q

Personality Disorders

A

Enduring (often lifetime) patterns of inflexible behaviours across a range of settings & relationships

  • diagnosis begins in adolescence or early adulthood
  • high comorbidity
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24
Q

Cluster A Personality Disorder

A

“Odd/eccentric”
Paranoid PD - manifests the paranoid tendencies
Schizoid PD - manifests the social withdrawal & flattened effect
Schizotypal PD - manifests milder hallucinations & delusions

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25
Q

Cluster B Personality Disorder

A

“Dramatic/erratic”
Antisocial PD - sociopathy, with no regard for right or wrong or others’ rights
Borderline PD - severe abandonment anxiety & emotional turbulence
Histrionic PD - overdramatic attention seeking & emotional overreaction
Narcissistic PD - inflated sense of self & lack of empathy

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26
Q

Cluster C Personality Disorder

A

“Fear/anxiety”
Avoidant PD - presents as very extreme shyness & feat of rejection
Dependent PD - presents as over-dependance on others to meet needs
Obsessive-compulsive PD - presents as milder form of OCD

27
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A
  • obsessions (thoughts or urges) and/or compulsions (repetitive behaviours)
28
Q

Specific Diagnoses of OCD

A
  • OCD
  • Body Dysmorphic Disorder
  • Hoarding Disorder
  • Trichotillomania
29
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorders

A

Excessive and/or medically unexplainable symptoms

30
Q

Specific Diagnoses Somatic Symptom Disorder

A
  • Somatic Symptom Disorder (vagueness of symptoms)
  • Illness Anxiety Disorder (reoccurring specific fear of getting a specific disease
  • Conversion Disorder
  • Factitious Disorder (falsification)
31
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

Disruptions and/or discontinuities in core identity

- Abnormal integration of consciousness, identity, emotion

32
Q

Specific Diagnoses Dissociative Disorders

A

Dissociative Identity Disorder

  • multiple consciouses
  • different handwriting talents
  • only exhibit 1 type of personality

Dissociative Amnesia
- lost significant amount of biographic information

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

  • can be seen in PTSD
  • depersonal (separate of what they’re feeling)
  • derealization (thinking the place they’re in is surreal)
33
Q

Level 2 Disorders

A

Neurodevelopmental disorders
Neurocognitive disorders
Sleep-wake disorders
Substance-related disorders

34
Q

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

A
  • manifest early in development (early on-set), usually before grade school
  • appear as deficits, generally difficult to treat
  • characterized by intellectual disability, communication disorders
35
Q

Specific Diagnoses Neurodevelopmental Disorders

A
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder
  • Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
  • -> affects 2-4% of school aged children, motor –restlessness, difficulty paying attention, distractibility, impulsivity
  • Intellectual disability
  • Tourette’s syndrome (ticks, cussing, random yelling
36
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A
  • Characterized by social impairments, communication difficulties, restricted repetitive & stereotyped patterns of behaviour
  • Prevalence is 1/88 children, males 4x more likely than females
    Signs:
  • impaired social interaction
  • avoiding eye contact with others
  • difficulty interpreting what others are thinking or feeling
  • may lack empathy
  • repetitive movements such as rocking
  • inability to play interactively with other children
37
Q

Neurocognitive Disorders

A

Cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in comlex attention, executive function, learning, memory, lagnuage, perceptual motor or social cognition
- symptoms may interfere significantly with a person’s everyday independence in MAJOR neurocognitive disorder but no in MILD neurocognitive disorder

38
Q

Specific Diagnoses Neurocognitive Disorders

A
  • Traumatic Brain Injury (CTE)
  • Huntington’s Disease
  • Major/Mild Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer’s Disease
  • Major/Mild Neurocognitive Disorder due to Parkinson’s Disease
39
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

2 abnormal structures in the brain:

  1. Amyloid plaques - clumps of protein fragments that accumulate outside of cells
  2. Neurofibrillary tangles - clumps of altered proteins inside cells (also known as tau tangles)
  • destruction & death of nerve cells that cause memory failure, personality changes, problems carrying out daily activities & other symptoms
  • healthy people also have this but with Alzheimers it is at a faster rate
  • avg duration 8 years
40
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Primarily caused by abnormally low dopamine levels

  • Dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra of the basal ganglia die off, making it harder to control movements
  • dopamine involved in sending messages to areas of brain that control coordination & movement
  • abnormal aggregates of protein called Lewy body develop inside neurons
41
Q

Sleep-wake disorders

A

Disturbance in quality, amount and timing of sleep

42
Q

Specific Diagnoses of Sleep-Wake Disorders

A

Dyssomnias: abnormalities in the amount, quality or timing of sleep

  1. Insomnia - inability to fall or remain asleep
  2. Narcolepsy - periodic, overwhelming sleepiness during waking periods
  3. Sleep apnea - intermittent cessation of breathing during sleep, which results in repeated awakenings

Parasomnias: abnormal behaviours that occur during sleep

  1. Somnambulism: sleep walking
    - tends to occur during slow wave sleep (stage 3)
    - usually happens during the first third of the night
    - many children experience sleep-walking and eventually grow out of it
  2. Night terrors: appearing terrified, babbling, screaming while deep asleep
    - usually occur during stage 3 (unlike nightmares which happening during REM)
43
Q

Substance Related & Addictive Disorders

A
  • drugs separated into 10 classes
  • involves brain’s reward system
  • tolerance & withdrawal
44
Q

Specific Diagnoses of Substance related & addictive disorders

A
  • substance use disorders
  • alcohol related disorders
  • caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogen, etc related disorders
  • gambling disorders
45
Q

Tolerance

A

Occurs when an individual must use more of a drug to achieve the desired effect

46
Q

Dependence

A

Develops when a person needs to use a drug in order to function normally

47
Q

Withdrawal

A

Describes the group of symptoms that occur when a person who has formed a dependance to a drug suddenly discontinues or decreases use of that drug
- symptoms are drug-specific & dose dependent

48
Q

Addiction

A

Compulsive drug use despite harmful consequence & inability to stop using a drug

49
Q

Psychological Dependence vs Physical Dependence

A

Psychological

  • occurs when drug becomes central to person’s thoughts, emotions & activities
  • demonstrated by strong urge to use drug, despite being aware of its harmful effects
  • not all drugs lead to physical dependence, it’s possible for any drug to lead to psych dependence

Physical

  • demonstrated by presence of withdrawal symptoms when drug is not consumed
  • person depends on drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms & to fx normally
  • often follows heavy daily use over several weeks or longer
50
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Work by altering actions at neuronal synapse

- enhance, suppress or mimic activity of neurotransmitter

51
Q

Drug Classes & Effects

A

Depressants
Examples: alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
Action: Depresses CNS (Esp F/F)
Effect: impaired motor control, organ failure from overose

Stimulants
Examples: caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
Action: Increases availability & action of neurotransmitters
Effect: Sympathetic activation; rush or high followed by a crash

Hallucinogens
Examples: THC, Marijuana, LSD
Action: Distorts perception
Effect: Hallucinations, impaired judgement, slowed rx time

52
Q

Consciousness

A

Awareness we have of ourselves, our internal state & environment

  • imp for reflection & directs our attn
  • needed to complete novel & complex tasks but little awareness for practiced & simple tasks
53
Q

States of consciousness

A

Alert

Sleep

54
Q

RAS

A

Reticular activating system

  • controls alertness & arousal
  • is a network of nerve pathways in brain stem that connects spinal cord, cerebrum & cerebellum
  • mediates overall level of consciousness
55
Q

Electroencephelograph

A

Documents different wave lengths

56
Q

Waves, frequencies & characteristics

A

Alpha - 7 to 14 Hz
- associated with relaxed normal consciousness

Beta - 15 to 30 Hz
- higher frequency than alpha, more alert consciousness

Theta - 4 to 7 Hz
- seen in young children, meditative states & stages 1 sleep

Delta - Less than 4 Hz
- occurs during slow wave sleep

57
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Controls increases & decreases in alertness in predictable ways over 24-h cycle

12 am - 6 am –> sleep
6 am - 10 pm –> slow increase in sleep need
10 pm - 12 am –> sleep

12 am - 12 pm –>sleep urge decreases
After 12 pm & 8 pm sleep urge increases

58
Q

3 physiological indicators of mammal’s circadian rhythm

A
  1. Melatonin levels released by pineal gland (during day it is inactive)
  2. Body temperature controlled by hypothalamus (36-38 degrees celsius)
  3. Cortisol controlled by adrenal cortex
59
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A
  • found in hypothalamus
  • controls sleep, melatoin production & body temp
  • cortisol release is controlled by multiple things, only one is SCN
60
Q

Sleep Stages

A

Stage 1 (theta waves)
EDG- slow rolling eye movements
EMG- moderate body activity
Characteristics - fleeting thoughts, non-REM sleep

Stage 2 (sleep spindle, K-complex)
EDG- no eye movement
EMG- moderate body activity
Characteristics - increased relaxation, decreased temp, heart rate & respiration

Stage 3 & 4 (delta waves)
EDG- no eye movement
EMG- moderate body activity
Characteristics - heart & digestion slow, growth hormones secreted, deepest level of sleep

REM (similar to beta waves but more jagged; low intensity, high frequency)
EDG- bursts of quick eye movements
EMG- almost no body activity (paradoxical sleep bc no body activity but brain is active)
Characteristics - when dreams occur

61
Q

Hypnosis

A

Attention is more focused and peripheral awareness is reduced

  • more low frequency > high frequency
  • decrease in left hemisphere activity & increase in right hemisphere activity
62
Q

Meditation

A

Practice in which individual induces mode of consciousness for some purpose

  • effective for stress reduction
  • increases activity in left frontal lobe (area active in most optimistic people)
  • improved concentration, lowered bp, & better immune fx
  • lower frequency alpha & theta waves
  • if meditated for a long time, lots of brain areas appear to be altered esp in left hemisphere
63
Q

Most prevalent disorder in US

A

Anxiety disorders (18%)

64
Q

Lease prevalent disorder in US

A

Psychotic disorders (2%)

Psych/Soc (24 decks)

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