Psych/Soc Class 1

Question 1

Who are the 3 founding fathers of modern sociology?

Answer 1

Durkheim, Marx, Weber

Question 2

Which theories are macro level?

Answer 2

Functionalism, Conflict, Social Constructionism, Feminism

Question 3

What is anomie?

Answer 3

Mismatch bw wider societies standards

Question 4

What is manifest & latent functions respectively?

Answer 4

Manifest - intended, obvious

Latent - unintended, less recognizable

Question 5

What is socialism?

Answer 5

It’s a term that’s coined as ‘commuism’ by Karl Marx. It means productions are owned equally by all workers

Question 6

What is the difference between class consciousness & false consciousness?

Answer 6

Class consciousness- members of a subordinate group that are actively aware of being exploited as a group by the wealthy
False consciousness - lack f this awareness; members see themselves as individuals instead of an exploited group

Question 7

What is Max Weber known for?

Answer 7

Asserted that conflict is more than just income. As we increase rationalization (increasing efficiency by maximizing result with minimal efforts) you lead to increase in bureaucracies. He also started the basis of symbolic interactionism.

Question 8

What theories are micro level?

Answer 8

Symbolic interactionism, social constructionism, rational choice/social exchange theory, feminism

Question 9

What is symbolic interactionism?

Answer 9

People act based on meaning. These meanings are derived through social interactions.

Question 10

What are symbols?

Answer 10

Are culturally derived social objects that have shared meanings which are created & maintained through social interaction

Question 11

What are the 3 stages the self develops in according to Mead?

Answer 11

1. Preparatory Stage (0-2 yrs) - children use language & symbols to mimic those around them
2. Play Stage (2-6 yrs) - children learn to play the roles of others in pretend games
3. Game Stage (7+ yrs) - understand the “generalized other”

Question 12

What does the actual self consist of?

Answer 12

“Me” (which is the response to social interactions and how the generalized other sees us) and the response to this social self is the I (personal identity and individuality)

Question 13

What is the ‘looking-glass’?

Answer 13

It is the self that is shaped by others because individuals tend to confirm expectations. According to Cooley, concept of one’s self is developed in 3 stages:

1) We imagine how we appear to others
2) We imagine what they think about us based on observations
3) We develop feelings about ourselves (true or false) based on judgements of others

Question 14

What is socialization?

Answer 14

It is the dynamic process by which an individual internalizes the values, beliefs & norms of their society & learns to function as a member of that society.

Question 15

Difference between rational choice theory & social exchange theory?

Answer 15

Both look at economic factors externally. RCT looks at increasing benefits and reducing costs while SET looks at increasing rewards and reducing punishments. SET looks at relationships too.

Question 16

What are the differences of the 3 waves in feminism?

Answer 16

First wave (1900) - focused on women’s suffrage: right to vote, right to own property, equal rights in marriage, work for wages

Second wave (1960-1970) - focused on women’s social liberties: equal pay, reproductive rights, gender equality, sexual destigmatization

Third wave (1980): focused on intersectionality: study of different social identifies such as gender, race, class etc interact

Question 17

How did the Feminist theory emerge?

Answer 17

From movements in 19th & 20th century advocating for equal political, economic & social rights of women in society

Question 18

What is a society?

Answer 18

Group of people that share a culture and interact with each other in a definable area

Question 19

What is sociology?

Answer 19

The study of how people interact and how they’re shaped by the society they live in

Question 20

What is collective consciousness?

Answer 20

How people share culture come to think in the same manner due to shared beliefs, ideas & moral attitudes which unify society

Question 21

What is hegemony?

Answer 21

A coerced acceptance of values, expectations & conditions as determined by the capitalist class

Question 22

Where do meanings of symbols and language come from?

Answer 22

It depends on both individual interpretations and social context

Question 23

Difference between social play and social games

Answer 23

Social play - spontaneous and free with minimal social rules and limited stakes
Social game - more strict sets of rules and greater stakes

Question 24

What are the primary ways we interact with each other and play a critical role in formation of identity?

Answer 24

Games, Play & Language

Question 25

What is the difference between “I” and “me”

Answer 25

I- individualistic self

Me - social self

Question 26

What is the Thomas Theorem?

Answer 26

The theory that interpretation of a situation affects the response to that situation

Question 27

External vs Internal Validity

Answer 27

External - the extent to which the results can be generalized to the public

Internal - the extent to which the outcome variable is due to the intervention

Question 28

What is impression management?

Answer 28

Individual changes their response to match expectation

Question 29

What is the Hawthorne effect?

Answer 29

Individuals change their response because they know they’re being studied

Question 30

What are attrition effects?

Answer 30

Individuals fatigue or drop out

Question 31

Validity vs reliability

Answer 31

Validity - measures what it should

Reliability - is consistent

Question 32

R value vs P value on graphs

Answer 32

R value - measures correlation (higher R = higher relation)
P value - measures significance, so smaller the value the more stronger the result; if p value is < 0.05 then reject null hypothesis

Question 33

What is the difference between the independent and dependent variable?

Answer 33

Independent variable - the treatment/intervention that’s manipulated by the researcher; also known as ‘manipulated variable’ or ‘control variable’

Dependent variable - the outcome variable that’s measured and not directly manipulated by research; also known as “output variable” or “measured variable”

Question 34

What is the Pearson Correlation?

Answer 34

0 = weakest correlation
\+1 = as one variable increases, so does the other; strong correlation
-1 = as one variable goes down the other goes up, strong correlation

Question 35

What is response bias?

Answer 35

Participants don’t have insight into their state & give inaccurate responses

Question 36

Difference between between- subject and within-subject

Answer 36

Within-subject - comparing same group at different times

Between-subject - comparing two different groups

Question 37

Type 1 vs Type 2 error

Answer 37

Type 1 - incorrectly concluding there’s an effect

Type 2 - incorrectly concluding there’s no effect