Psych - Psychology

Question 1

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 1

Learning in which a natural response (salivation) is elicited by a conditioned, or learned, stimulus (bell) that previously was presented in conjunction with an unconditioned stimulus (food)

Question 2

With what kind of responses does classical conditioning usually deal?

Answer 2

Usually deals with INVOLUNTARY responses

Question 3

What is a classical example of classical conditioning?

Answer 3

Pavlov’s classical experiments with dogs - ringing the bell provoked salivation.

Question 4

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 4

Learning in which a particular action is elicited because it produces a punishment or reward.

Question 5

With what kind of responses does operant conditioning usually deal?

Answer 5

Usually deals with VOLUNTARY responses

Question 6

What are 4 examples of operant conditioning?

Answer 6

(1) Positive reinforcement (2) Negative reinforcement (3) Punishment (4) Extinction

Question 7

What is positive reinforcement? Give an example. What kind of conditioning is it?

Answer 7

Desired reward produces action (mouse presses button to get food); Operant conditioning

Question 8

What is negative reinforcement? Give an example. What kind of conditioning is it?

Answer 8

Target behavior (response) is followed by removal of aversive stimulus (mouse presses button to turn off continuous loud noise); Operant conditioning

Question 9

What is punishment?

Answer 9

Repeated application of aversive stimulus extinguishes unwanted behavior

Question 10

What is extinction? In what kind of conditioning can it occur?

Answer 10

Discontinuation of reinforcement (positive or negative) eventually eliminates behavior. Can occur in operant or classical conditioning.

Question 11

What is transferance? Give an example.

Answer 11

Patient projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto physician (e.g., psychiatrist seen as parent).

Question 12

What is countertransferance? Give an example.

Answer 12

Doctor projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto patient (e.g., patient reminds physician of younger sibling)

Question 13

In general, what are ego defenses? What are the types of ego defenses?

Answer 13

Unconscious mental processes used to resolve conflict and prevent undesirable feelings (e.g., anxiety, depression); Immature versus Mature ego defenses

Question 14

What are 13 examples of immature ego defenses?

Answer 14

(1) Acting out (2) Dissociation (3) Denial (4) Displacement (5) Fixation (6) Identification (7) Isolation (of affect) (8) Projection (9) Rationalization (10) Reaction formation (11) Regression (12) Repression (13) Splitting

Question 15

What are 4 examples of mature ego defenses?

Answer 15

(1) Altruism (2) Humor (3) Sublimation (4) Suppression; Think: “MATURE adults wear a SASH: Sublimation, Altruism, Suppression, Humor”

Question 16

What is acting out? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?

Answer 16

Expressing unacceptable feeling and thoughts through actions; Tantrums; Immature ego defense

Question 17

What is dissociation? Give an (extreme) example. What type of ego defense is this?

Answer 17

Temporary, drastic change in personality, memory, consciousness, or motor behavior to avoid emotional stress; Extreme forms can result in dissociative identity (multiple personality disorder); Immature ego defense

Question 18

What is Denial? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?

Answer 18

Avoiding the awareness of some painful reality; A common reaction in newly diagnosed AIDS and cancer patients; Immature ego defense

Question 19

What is Displacement? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?

Answer 19

Transferring avoided ideas and feelings to some neutral person or object (vs. projection); Mother yells at her child, because her husband yelled at her; Immature ego defense

Question 20

What is Fixation? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?

Answer 20

Partially remaining at a more childish level of development (vs. regression); Men fixating on sports games; Immature ego defense

Question 21

What is Identification? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?

Answer 21

Modeling behavior after another person who is more powerful (though not necessarily admired); Abused child identifies with an abuser; Immature ego defense

Question 22

What is Isolation (of affect)? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?

Answer 22

Separating feelings from ideas and events; Describing murder in graphic detail with no emotional response; Immature ego defense

Question 23

What is Projection? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?

Answer 23

Attributing an unacceptable internal impulse to an external source (vs. displacement); A man who wants another woman thinks his wife is cheating on him; Immature ego defense

Question 24

What is Rationalization? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?

Answer 24

Proclaiming logical reasons for actions usually performed for other reasons, usually to avoid self-blame; After getting fired, claiming that the job was not important anyway; Immature ego defense

Question 25

What is Reaction formation? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?

Answer 25

Replacing a warded-off idea or feeling by an (unconsciously derived) emphasis on its opposite (vs. sublimation); A patient with libidinous thoughts enters a monastery; Immature ego defense

Question 26

What is Regression? Give its usual context and an example. What type of ego defense is this?

Answer 26

Turning back the maturational clock and going back to earlier modes of dealing with the world. (vs. fixation); Seen in children under stress such as illness, punishment, or birth of a new sibling (e.g., bedwetting in a previously toilet-trained child when hospitalized); Immature ego defense

Question 27

What is Repression? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?

Answer 27

Involuntary withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. Suppression); Not remembering a conflictual or traumatic expression, Pressing bad thoughts into the unconscious; Immature ego defense

Question 28

What is splitting? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?

Answer 28

Believing that people are either all good or all bad at different times due to intolerance of ambiguity; A patient says that all the nurses are cold and insensitive but the doctors are warm and friendly; Immature ego defense

Question 29

In what disorder is Splitting as an immature ego defense commonly seen?

Answer 29

Commonly seen in borderline personality disorder

Question 30

What is Altruism? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?

Answer 30

Alleviating guilty feelings by unsolicited generosity toward others; Mafia boss makes large donation to charity; Mature ego defense

Question 31

What is Humor? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?

Answer 31

Appreciating the amusing nature of an anxiety-provoking or adverse situation; Nervous medical student jokes about the boards; Mature ego defense

Question 32

What is Sublimation? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?

Answer 32

Replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but does not conflict with one’s value system (vs. reaction formation); Teenager’s aggression toward his factor is redirected to perform well in sports; Mature ego defense

Question 33

What is Suppression? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?

Answer 33

Intentional withholding of an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. repression); Choosing not to worry about the big game until it is time to play; Mature ego defense

Question 34

Define Displacement versus Projection. Give an example of each. What type of ego defense is each?

Answer 34

DISPLACEMENT - Transferring avoided ideas and feelings to some neutral person or object (vs. projection); Mother yells at her child, because her husband yelled at her; Immature ego defense; PROJECTION - Attributing an unacceptable internal impulse to an external source (vs. displacement); A man who wants another woman thinks his wife is cheating on him; Immature ego defense

Question 35

Define Fixation versus Regression. Give an example of each. What type of ego defense is each?

Answer 35

FIXATION - Partially remaining at a more childish level of development (vs. regression); Men fixating on sports games; Immature ego defense; REGRESSION - Turning back the maturational clock and going back to earlier modes of dealing with the world. (vs. fixation); Seen in children under stress such as illness, punishment, or birth of a new sibling (e.g., bedwetting in a previously toilet-trained child when hospitalized); Immature ego defense

Question 36

Define Reaction formation versus Sublimation. Give an example of each. What type of ego defense is each?

Answer 36

REACTION FORMATION - Replacing a warded-off idea or feeling by an (unconsciously derived) emphasis on its opposite (vs. sublimation); A patient with libidinous thoughts enters a monastery; Immature ego defense; SUBLIMATION - Replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but does not conflict with one’s value system (vs. reaction formation); Teenager’s aggression toward his factor is redirected to perform well in sports; Mature ego defense

Question 37

Define Repression versus Suppression. Give an example of each. What type of ego defense is each?

Answer 37

REPRESSION - Involuntary withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. Suppression); Not remembering a conflictual or traumatic expression, Pressing bad thoughts into the unconscious; Immature ego defense ; SUPPRESSION - Intentional withholding of an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. repression); Choosing not to worry about the big game until it is time to play; Mature ego defense