Psych - Psychology Flashcards
Pg. 500-501 in First Aid 2014 Sections include: -Classical conditioning -Operant conditioning -Transference and countertransferance -Ego defenses
What is classical conditioning?
Learning in which a natural response (salivation) is elicited by a conditioned, or learned, stimulus (bell) that previously was presented in conjunction with an unconditioned stimulus (food)
With what kind of responses does classical conditioning usually deal?
Usually deals with INVOLUNTARY responses
What is a classical example of classical conditioning?
Pavlov’s classical experiments with dogs - ringing the bell provoked salivation.
What is operant conditioning?
Learning in which a particular action is elicited because it produces a punishment or reward.
With what kind of responses does operant conditioning usually deal?
Usually deals with VOLUNTARY responses
What are 4 examples of operant conditioning?
(1) Positive reinforcement (2) Negative reinforcement (3) Punishment (4) Extinction
What is positive reinforcement? Give an example. What kind of conditioning is it?
Desired reward produces action (mouse presses button to get food); Operant conditioning
What is negative reinforcement? Give an example. What kind of conditioning is it?
Target behavior (response) is followed by removal of aversive stimulus (mouse presses button to turn off continuous loud noise); Operant conditioning
What is punishment?
Repeated application of aversive stimulus extinguishes unwanted behavior
What is extinction? In what kind of conditioning can it occur?
Discontinuation of reinforcement (positive or negative) eventually eliminates behavior. Can occur in operant or classical conditioning.
What is transferance? Give an example.
Patient projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto physician (e.g., psychiatrist seen as parent).
What is countertransferance? Give an example.
Doctor projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto patient (e.g., patient reminds physician of younger sibling)
In general, what are ego defenses? What are the types of ego defenses?
Unconscious mental processes used to resolve conflict and prevent undesirable feelings (e.g., anxiety, depression); Immature versus Mature ego defenses
What are 13 examples of immature ego defenses?
(1) Acting out (2) Dissociation (3) Denial (4) Displacement (5) Fixation (6) Identification (7) Isolation (of affect) (8) Projection (9) Rationalization (10) Reaction formation (11) Regression (12) Repression (13) Splitting
What are 4 examples of mature ego defenses?
(1) Altruism (2) Humor (3) Sublimation (4) Suppression; Think: “MATURE adults wear a SASH: Sublimation, Altruism, Suppression, Humor”
What is acting out? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?
Expressing unacceptable feeling and thoughts through actions; Tantrums; Immature ego defense
What is dissociation? Give an (extreme) example. What type of ego defense is this?
Temporary, drastic change in personality, memory, consciousness, or motor behavior to avoid emotional stress; Extreme forms can result in dissociative identity (multiple personality disorder); Immature ego defense
What is Denial? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?
Avoiding the awareness of some painful reality; A common reaction in newly diagnosed AIDS and cancer patients; Immature ego defense
What is Displacement? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?
Transferring avoided ideas and feelings to some neutral person or object (vs. projection); Mother yells at her child, because her husband yelled at her; Immature ego defense
What is Fixation? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?
Partially remaining at a more childish level of development (vs. regression); Men fixating on sports games; Immature ego defense
What is Identification? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?
Modeling behavior after another person who is more powerful (though not necessarily admired); Abused child identifies with an abuser; Immature ego defense
What is Isolation (of affect)? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?
Separating feelings from ideas and events; Describing murder in graphic detail with no emotional response; Immature ego defense
What is Projection? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?
Attributing an unacceptable internal impulse to an external source (vs. displacement); A man who wants another woman thinks his wife is cheating on him; Immature ego defense
What is Rationalization? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?
Proclaiming logical reasons for actions usually performed for other reasons, usually to avoid self-blame; After getting fired, claiming that the job was not important anyway; Immature ego defense
What is Reaction formation? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?
Replacing a warded-off idea or feeling by an (unconsciously derived) emphasis on its opposite (vs. sublimation); A patient with libidinous thoughts enters a monastery; Immature ego defense
What is Regression? Give its usual context and an example. What type of ego defense is this?
Turning back the maturational clock and going back to earlier modes of dealing with the world. (vs. fixation); Seen in children under stress such as illness, punishment, or birth of a new sibling (e.g., bedwetting in a previously toilet-trained child when hospitalized); Immature ego defense
What is Repression? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?
Involuntary withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. Suppression); Not remembering a conflictual or traumatic expression, Pressing bad thoughts into the unconscious; Immature ego defense
What is splitting? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?
Believing that people are either all good or all bad at different times due to intolerance of ambiguity; A patient says that all the nurses are cold and insensitive but the doctors are warm and friendly; Immature ego defense
In what disorder is Splitting as an immature ego defense commonly seen?
Commonly seen in borderline personality disorder
What is Altruism? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?
Alleviating guilty feelings by unsolicited generosity toward others; Mafia boss makes large donation to charity; Mature ego defense
What is Humor? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?
Appreciating the amusing nature of an anxiety-provoking or adverse situation; Nervous medical student jokes about the boards; Mature ego defense
What is Sublimation? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?
Replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but does not conflict with one’s value system (vs. reaction formation); Teenager’s aggression toward his factor is redirected to perform well in sports; Mature ego defense
What is Suppression? Give an example. What type of ego defense is this?
Intentional withholding of an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. repression); Choosing not to worry about the big game until it is time to play; Mature ego defense
Define Displacement versus Projection. Give an example of each. What type of ego defense is each?
DISPLACEMENT - Transferring avoided ideas and feelings to some neutral person or object (vs. projection); Mother yells at her child, because her husband yelled at her; Immature ego defense; PROJECTION - Attributing an unacceptable internal impulse to an external source (vs. displacement); A man who wants another woman thinks his wife is cheating on him; Immature ego defense
Define Fixation versus Regression. Give an example of each. What type of ego defense is each?
FIXATION - Partially remaining at a more childish level of development (vs. regression); Men fixating on sports games; Immature ego defense; REGRESSION - Turning back the maturational clock and going back to earlier modes of dealing with the world. (vs. fixation); Seen in children under stress such as illness, punishment, or birth of a new sibling (e.g., bedwetting in a previously toilet-trained child when hospitalized); Immature ego defense
Define Reaction formation versus Sublimation. Give an example of each. What type of ego defense is each?
REACTION FORMATION - Replacing a warded-off idea or feeling by an (unconsciously derived) emphasis on its opposite (vs. sublimation); A patient with libidinous thoughts enters a monastery; Immature ego defense; SUBLIMATION - Replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but does not conflict with one’s value system (vs. reaction formation); Teenager’s aggression toward his factor is redirected to perform well in sports; Mature ego defense
Define Repression versus Suppression. Give an example of each. What type of ego defense is each?
REPRESSION - Involuntary withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. Suppression); Not remembering a conflictual or traumatic expression, Pressing bad thoughts into the unconscious; Immature ego defense ; SUPPRESSION - Intentional withholding of an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. repression); Choosing not to worry about the big game until it is time to play; Mature ego defense
