Psych - Pathology (Developmental disorders) Flashcards
Pg. 502-503 in First Aid 2014 Sections include: -Infant deprivation effects -Child abuse -Child neglect -Childhood and early-onset disorders -Pervasive development disorders
What are 7 results from long-term (infant) deprivation of affection?
(1) Decreased muscle tone (2) Poor language skills (3) Poor socialization skills (4) Lack of basic trust (5) Anaclitic depression (infant withdrawn/unresponsive) (6) Weight loss (7) Physical illness
What are 4 W’s to associate with infant deprivation effects?
The 4 W’s: Weak, Wordless, Wanting (socially), Wary
What timeframe of (infant) deprivation can lead to irreversible changes?
Deprivation for > 6 months can lead to irreversible changes
What can result from severe (infant) deprivation?
Severe deprivation can result in infant death.
What are 2 types of child abuse?
(1) Physical abuse (2) Sex abuse
What are 6 examples of evidence in support of physical child abuse?
(1) Healed fractures of X-ray (e.g., spiral fractures are highly suggestive of abuse) (2) Burns (e.g., cigarette, scalding) (3) Subdural hematomas (4) Pattern marks/bruising (e.g., belts, electrical cords) (5) Rib fractures (6) Retinal hemorrhage or detachment
Who is usually the abuser in physical child abuse?
Usually biological mother
What are 3 examples of evidence in support of sexual child abuse?
(1) Genital, anal, or oral trauma (2) STDs (3) UTIs
Who is usually the abuser in sexual child abuse?
Known to victim, usually male
What is the number of deaths per year in the US due to physical child abuse? What age range has the highest percentage of deaths, and what is that percentage?
~3000 deaths/yr in US, 80% < 3 yr old
What age range has the peak incidence of sexual child abuse?
Peak incidence 9-12 years
What is the most common form of child maltreatment?
Child neglect
What is child neglect?
Failure to provide a child with adequate food, shelter, supervision, education, and/or affection
What are 5 examples of evidence in support of child neglect?
Evidence: (1) Poor hygiene (2) Malnutrition (3) Withdrawal (4) Impaired social/emotional development (5) Failure to thrive
What must occur (legally) in instances of child neglect? To what other related condition does this apply?
As with child abuse, child neglect must be reported to local child protective services
What are 5 examples of childhood and early-onset disorders?
(1) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (2) Conduct disorder (3) Oppositional defiant disorder (4) Tourette syndrome (5) Separation anxiety disorder
What is the age of onset of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder?
Onset before age 12.
Define Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. More specifically, what happens to attention span and impulse control? What are 3 main characteristics of the disorder? How is intelligence affected?
Limited attention span and poor impulse control. Characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and/or inattention in multiple settings (school, home, places of worship, etc.). Normal intelligence, but commonly coexists with difficulties in school.
In what percentage of individuals does attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder continue into adulthood?
Continues into adulthood in as many as 50% of individuals
With what brain deficit is Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder associated?
Associated with decreased frontal lobe volume/metabolism
What are 4 options for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder?
Treatment: methylphenidate, amphetamines, atomoxetine, behavioral interventions (reinforcement, reward)
What is conduct disorder?
Repetitive and pervasive behavior violating the basic rights of others (e.g., physical aggression, destruction of property, theft).
For what diagnosis will many conduct disorder patients meet the criteria, and when?
After age 18, many of these patients will meet the criteria for diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder.
What is oppositional defiant disorder?
Enduring pattern of hostile, defiant behavior toward authority figures in the absence of serious violations of social norms.
What is the age of onset of Tourette syndrome?
Onset before age 18.
What characterizes Tourette syndrome?
Characterized by sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor and vocal tics that persist for > 1 year.
What is the lifetime prevalence of Tourette syndrome in the general population?
Lifetime prevalence of 0.1-1.0% in the general population.
What is Coprolalia, and in what percentage of Tourette syndrome patients is it found?
Coprolalia (involuntary obscene speech) found in only 10-20% of patients.
With what other 2 psychiatric disorders is Tourette syndrome associated?
Associated with OCD and ADHD.
What are 2 treatment options for Tourette syndrome?
Treatment: antipsychotics and behavioral therapy
What is the common age of onset of Separation anxiety disorder?
Common onset at 7-9 years
What is separation anxiety disorder?
Overwhelming fear of separation from home or loss of attachment figure.
What behavior may result from separation anxiety disorder?
May lead to factitious physical complaints to avoid going to or staying at school
What are 2 treatment options for separation anxiety disorder?
Treatment: SSRIs and relaxation techniques/behavioral interventions
In general, what 2 things characterize pervasive developmental disorders?
Characterized by difficulties with language and failure to acquire or early loss of social skills
What are 2 examples of pervasive developmental disorders?
(1) Autism spectrum disorder (2) Rett disorder
What 4 features characterize autism spectrum disorder?
Characterized by poor social interactions, communication deficits, repetitive/ritualized behaviors, & restricted interests
When must autism spectrum disorder present?
Must present in early childhood.
How does autism spectrum disorder related to intellectual and/or unusual ability?
May or may not be accompanied by intellectual disability; rarely accompanied by unusual abilities (savants).
In which gender is autism spectrum disorder more common?
More common in boys
What kind of disorder is Rett disorder? In what gender is it almost exclusively seen, and why?
X-linked disorder seen almost exclusively in girls (affected males die in utero or shortly after birth).
At what ages do symptoms of Rett disorder usually become apparent?
Symptoms usually become apparent around ages 1-4.
What are the symptoms of Rett disorder?
Symptoms usually become apparent around ages 1-4, including regression characterized by loss of development, loss of verbal abilities, intellectual disability, ataxia, and stereotyped hand-wringing.
