Psych - Pathology (Developmental disorders)

Question 1

What are 7 results from long-term (infant) deprivation of affection?

Answer 1

(1) Decreased muscle tone (2) Poor language skills (3) Poor socialization skills (4) Lack of basic trust (5) Anaclitic depression (infant withdrawn/unresponsive) (6) Weight loss (7) Physical illness

Question 2

What are 4 W’s to associate with infant deprivation effects?

Answer 2

The 4 W’s: Weak, Wordless, Wanting (socially), Wary

Question 3

What timeframe of (infant) deprivation can lead to irreversible changes?

Answer 3

Deprivation for > 6 months can lead to irreversible changes

Question 4

What can result from severe (infant) deprivation?

Answer 4

Severe deprivation can result in infant death.

Question 5

What are 2 types of child abuse?

Answer 5

(1) Physical abuse (2) Sex abuse

Question 6

What are 6 examples of evidence in support of physical child abuse?

Answer 6

(1) Healed fractures of X-ray (e.g., spiral fractures are highly suggestive of abuse) (2) Burns (e.g., cigarette, scalding) (3) Subdural hematomas (4) Pattern marks/bruising (e.g., belts, electrical cords) (5) Rib fractures (6) Retinal hemorrhage or detachment

Question 7

Who is usually the abuser in physical child abuse?

Answer 7

Usually biological mother

Question 8

What are 3 examples of evidence in support of sexual child abuse?

Answer 8

(1) Genital, anal, or oral trauma (2) STDs (3) UTIs

Question 9

Who is usually the abuser in sexual child abuse?

Answer 9

Known to victim, usually male

Question 10

What is the number of deaths per year in the US due to physical child abuse? What age range has the highest percentage of deaths, and what is that percentage?

Answer 10

~3000 deaths/yr in US, 80% < 3 yr old

Question 11

What age range has the peak incidence of sexual child abuse?

Answer 11

Peak incidence 9-12 years

Question 12

What is the most common form of child maltreatment?

Answer 12

Child neglect

Question 13

What is child neglect?

Answer 13

Failure to provide a child with adequate food, shelter, supervision, education, and/or affection

Question 14

What are 5 examples of evidence in support of child neglect?

Answer 14

Evidence: (1) Poor hygiene (2) Malnutrition (3) Withdrawal (4) Impaired social/emotional development (5) Failure to thrive

Question 15

What must occur (legally) in instances of child neglect? To what other related condition does this apply?

Answer 15

As with child abuse, child neglect must be reported to local child protective services

Question 16

What are 5 examples of childhood and early-onset disorders?

Answer 16

(1) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (2) Conduct disorder (3) Oppositional defiant disorder (4) Tourette syndrome (5) Separation anxiety disorder

Question 17

What is the age of onset of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer 17

Onset before age 12.

Question 18

Define Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. More specifically, what happens to attention span and impulse control? What are 3 main characteristics of the disorder? How is intelligence affected?

Answer 18

Limited attention span and poor impulse control. Characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and/or inattention in multiple settings (school, home, places of worship, etc.). Normal intelligence, but commonly coexists with difficulties in school.

Question 19

In what percentage of individuals does attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder continue into adulthood?

Answer 19

Continues into adulthood in as many as 50% of individuals

Question 20

With what brain deficit is Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder associated?

Answer 20

Associated with decreased frontal lobe volume/metabolism

Question 21

What are 4 options for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer 21

Treatment: methylphenidate, amphetamines, atomoxetine, behavioral interventions (reinforcement, reward)

Question 22

What is conduct disorder?

Answer 22

Repetitive and pervasive behavior violating the basic rights of others (e.g., physical aggression, destruction of property, theft).

Question 23

For what diagnosis will many conduct disorder patients meet the criteria, and when?

Answer 23

After age 18, many of these patients will meet the criteria for diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder.

Question 24

What is oppositional defiant disorder?

Answer 24

Enduring pattern of hostile, defiant behavior toward authority figures in the absence of serious violations of social norms.

Question 25

What is the age of onset of Tourette syndrome?

Answer 25

Onset before age 18.

Question 26

What characterizes Tourette syndrome?

Answer 26

Characterized by sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor and vocal tics that persist for > 1 year.

Question 27

What is the lifetime prevalence of Tourette syndrome in the general population?

Answer 27

Lifetime prevalence of 0.1-1.0% in the general population.

Question 28

What is Coprolalia, and in what percentage of Tourette syndrome patients is it found?

Answer 28

Coprolalia (involuntary obscene speech) found in only 10-20% of patients.

Question 29

With what other 2 psychiatric disorders is Tourette syndrome associated?

Answer 29

Associated with OCD and ADHD.

Question 30

What are 2 treatment options for Tourette syndrome?

Answer 30

Treatment: antipsychotics and behavioral therapy

Question 31

What is the common age of onset of Separation anxiety disorder?

Answer 31

Common onset at 7-9 years

Question 32

What is separation anxiety disorder?

Answer 32

Overwhelming fear of separation from home or loss of attachment figure.

Question 33

What behavior may result from separation anxiety disorder?

Answer 33

May lead to factitious physical complaints to avoid going to or staying at school

Question 34

What are 2 treatment options for separation anxiety disorder?

Answer 34

Treatment: SSRIs and relaxation techniques/behavioral interventions

Question 35

In general, what 2 things characterize pervasive developmental disorders?

Answer 35

Characterized by difficulties with language and failure to acquire or early loss of social skills

Question 36

What are 2 examples of pervasive developmental disorders?

Answer 36

(1) Autism spectrum disorder (2) Rett disorder

Question 37

What 4 features characterize autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 37

Characterized by poor social interactions, communication deficits, repetitive/ritualized behaviors, & restricted interests

Question 38

When must autism spectrum disorder present?

Answer 38

Must present in early childhood.

Question 39

How does autism spectrum disorder related to intellectual and/or unusual ability?

Answer 39

May or may not be accompanied by intellectual disability; rarely accompanied by unusual abilities (savants).

Question 40

In which gender is autism spectrum disorder more common?

Answer 40

More common in boys

Question 41

What kind of disorder is Rett disorder? In what gender is it almost exclusively seen, and why?

Answer 41

X-linked disorder seen almost exclusively in girls (affected males die in utero or shortly after birth).

Question 42

At what ages do symptoms of Rett disorder usually become apparent?

Answer 42

Symptoms usually become apparent around ages 1-4.

Question 43

What are the symptoms of Rett disorder?

Answer 43

Symptoms usually become apparent around ages 1-4, including regression characterized by loss of development, loss of verbal abilities, intellectual disability, ataxia, and stereotyped hand-wringing.