psych mock paper 3 2020 and 2019 Flashcards
what is psychic determinism
adult behaviour, eg anxiety, pen-chewing, tidying, relationship problems, is determined by childhood/early experiences and by innate, unconscious drives/motives
what is the main part of social exchange theory
A theory that proposes individuals focus on getting out more than they put in.
what is Rusbults model of romantic relationships
Rusbult saw commitment is key factor in sustaining a relationship – commitment depends on
satisfaction, comparison with alternatives and investment
satisfaction is determined by available alternatives – better alternatives mean less satisfaction
what does investment act in Rusbult’s model
investment acts as a deterrent to leaving a relationship – intrinsic investment – resources put into the relationship directly, eg emotion, effort etc – extrinsic investment – resources arising out of the relationship, eg children, mutual friends, possessions bought together
what are strengths of Rusbult’s model
- Le and Agnew (2003) – showed the importance of satisfaction, alternative and investment in commitment
- Rusbult (1998)- support in homosexual relationships
what did Le and Agnew (2003) find in support of Rusbult’s model
conducted a meta-analysis of 52 studies, featuring 11,000 participants in total
discovered that satisfaction, comparison with alternatives and investment greatly contributed to commitment and commitment was a defining feature of long-lasting relationships
what did Rusbult (1998) found that supports the investment theory in regards to homosexual couples
administered IMS questionnaire to participants in homosexual relationships, finding support for all factors of the model
how may a cognitive psychologist treat schizophrenia
could be helped to identify irrational thoughts/beliefs
help understand they arent real
give alternative explanations
strategies to counter irrational thoughts
what are psychodynamic explanations
defence mechanisms allow the criminal to unconsciously justify criminal behaviour
Bowlby stated maternal deprivation leads to consequences such as
affectionless psychopathy and delinquency
superego
what is meant by socially sensitive research
- where the topic area and/or group studied can have implications for society/certain groups in
society - potentially leading to a change in, or justification for, the way these groups are treated/perceived
what is the social exchange theory
- considers how partners exchange rewards and costs
- assumes that those who offer rewards are attractive and those who are perceived to involve great cost are less attractive
what are more parts to social exchange theory
• Thibaut and Kelley’s 4-stage model – sampling, bargaining, commitment, institutionalisation
• uses comparison level and comparison level alternatives
• predicts that relationships that benefit both parties will succeed whereas relationships that are
imbalanced will fail.
what is an evaluation of social exchange theory
• assumes people make rational and calculated decisions about romantic relationships
• can account for individual differences in attraction as different people will perceive certain rewards and
costs differently
• explains maintenance better than initial attraction – as time goes on costs become more evident
• oversimplifies complex human romantic relationships – does not account for selfless behaviour
• comparison with Rusbult’s elaboration of the theory
what is an interactionist approach to schizophrenia- the diathesis stress model
• diathesis-stress model combines effects of internal vulnerability and external stress trigger
• vulnerability (diathesis) originally thought to be genetic, now includes vulnerabilities due to childhood
trauma which might have affected brain development
• stress trigger would be any negative psychological experience, eg breakdown of relationship,
academic pressure
what is psychological contributions to the onset of schizophrenia- family dysfunction
maladaptive relationships and patterns of communications within families as sources of stress which can cause or influence the development of schizophrenia
parents usually have the following characteristics:
1. high levels of interpersonal conflict ( arguments)
2. difficulty communicating
3. excessively critical and controlling of their children
what is the biological contribution to the onset of schizophrenia- dopamine hypothesis
dopamine acts to increase the rate of firing of neurons during synapse, which enhances communication between neurons
Snyder (1976) argued it was if too much dopamine is released during synapse
what is the interactionist approach to treating schizophrenia
anti-psychotic medication with psychological therapy
what is atypical anti-psychotic drugs as treatment for schizophrenia
(eg clozapine and risperidone) block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters eg acetylcholine and serotonin; also address the negative symptoms such as avolition
what are typical antipsychotic drugs as a treatment for schizophrenia
typical antipsychotics (eg chlorpromazine) are dopamine antagonists reducing dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse. This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming/sedative effect
what is the evaluation of using drugs to treat sz
horrible side effects - Lieberman et al (2005)
relatively cheap to produce
high relapse rate- 40% in the 1st year after treatment 15% in later years
what is CBT as an treatment for schizophrenia
change maladaptive thinking
modify hallucinations and delusions
one approach is PT and RET
what is PT as an treatment for schizophrenia
looks at personal experiences, problems, triggers and consequences
what is cognitive techniques involved in PT and CBT
- distractions from intrusive thoughts
- challenge meaning of intrusive thoughts
- increasing/decreasing social activity- distract low mood
- use relaxation techniques
what is token economies as an treatment for schizophrenia
what is the evaluation for the CBT as an treatment for schizophrenia
jauhar et al ( 2014)
Zimmerman et al (2005)
what did Jauhar et al find in terms of treating sz with CBT
a meta-analysis of 50 studies over the past 20 yrs
only a small therapuetic effect in symptoms, including positive symptoms
small effect dissappeared when using bind testing
what did Zimmerman et al (2005) find in terms of CBT as a treatment of schizophrenia
meta-analysis of 14 studies of CBT published between 1990 and 2004 involving 1,484 patients
CBT significantly reduced positive symptoms and treatment was particularly useful in short-term acute schizophrenic episode
what is differential association theory
(Sutherland 1939) proposes that offending is learnt through socialisation
• pro-criminal attitudes/behaviours occur through association and relationships with other people
(friends, family etc) from these people we learn our norms and values, even deviant ones
