Psych Midterm 2 Flashcards
What are Gender roles?
Behaviors, attitudes, and traits that are designed to either be masculine or feminine.
What are gender stereotypes?
Beliefs or expectations people hold on typical characterizations of both men and women.
What is gender identity
Psychological sense of either being a male or female.
What is sexual orientation?
Sexual attraction to someone of the same, opposite, or both sexes.
What is binary in relation to gender?
A person is either male or female.
What is gender consistency?
The awareness that gender is constant and doesn’t change by external attrtributes. Ages 3-6.
What is the Development intergroup Theory?
Adults focus on gender leads and have gender as a key source of information about themselves and others. The form stereotypes.
What is the Gender Schema Theory?
Children form their own gender roles. Children organize behaviors and activities into gender categories.
What are Schemas?
The gender categories which, children actively organize others behaviors, activities and attributes
What is the Social-learning theory?
Children’s form of gender roles are learned through reinforcement punishment and modeling.
What is Ambivalent Sexism?
A concept of gender attributes and encompasses both positive and negative qualities.
What is Hostile Sexism?
The negative element, which includes the attitude that women are inferior to men.
What is Benevolent Sexism?
The positive element, which recognizes women are perceived as needing protection, support, and adoration.
What is the part of the brian the plays a big role in the distribution in hormones?
The Hypothalamus
What does the pituitary gland secrete
Gonadatrophs
What do men and women have for hormones
Men: Androgens
Women: Estrogens
Where are sex hormones produced in humans?
Males: Testes
Females: Ovaries
What are imagined stimuli?
Our imagination in our brain can influence our arousal and desire.
What are cultural norms in terms of sexuality?
- Culture shapes the expression of sexuality
- Psychology meaning, sex depends on cultural contexts
- Culture norms affect sexual practices and techniques
What are the 4 stages of the sexual response cycle?
- Excitement
- Pleauteu
- Orgasim
- Resolution.
What is the Excitement in the sexual response cycle?
- Blood flow
- Vasgogestion
What is the Plateau in the sexual response stage?
-Increase in vascongestion, heart rate and respiration —muscle tension.
What is the orgasm in the sexual response cycle?
- Rhythmic contractions
- The peak
What is the resolution in the sexual response cycle?
- Genital organs return to normal
- Males enter a refractory period
- Females may have more than one orgasm before the onset of resolution.
What are a few genetic sex disorders?
- Turner syndrome (Lack of estrogen)
- Klinefelter’s syndrome (Excessive estrogen)
- Double Y syndrome (Mega male, more aggression)
What are some hormonal syndromes?
- Androgen insensitivity syndrome
- Congenital syndrome
What are some factors on gender roles?
- Culture
- History
- Time
What is associated with biology?
- Sex
What is associated with sociology?
- Gender (Psychology is a mix of the two)
What are the stages of gender development?
- Infancy
- Lute Infancy
- Toddler
- Pre schooler
What happens with gender identity in infancy?
Can discriminate between male and female
What happens during Lute infancy?
Prefers others of the same gender.
What happens when they are a toddler in terms of gender identity?
Verbally identify their own gender.
What happens with preschoolers
They do not exhibit gender consistency
What happens with gender roles/stereotypes at ages 1-5?
- Gender stereotypes toy preference
- Gender stereotyped activities expand
- Gender segregation in play
What happens with gender roles/stereotypes at ages 6-11?
- Gender stereotypes knowledge expands
- Gender stereotyping more flexible
What happens with gender roles/stereotypes at ages 12-18?
- Gender role conformity may increase/decline
- Gender segregation less pronounced.
What are Pribram’s 4 driving thoughts of humans?
- Feeding
- Fighting
- Fleeing
- Sex
Who is the father of human sexuality?
Alfred Kinsey
What is Sexual Fluidity?
Personal sexual attributes changing due to psychological circumstances.
What is a Monozygotic twin?
Twins are conceived from a single ovum and a single sperm, therefore genetically identical.
What is a dizygotic twin?
Twins conceived from two ova nad sperm?
What is Intersex?
People are born with either an absence or some combination of masculine and feminine reproductive organs, hormones, or chromosomes.
What is Androgeny?
Having both female and male characteristics.
What is a Replacement fantasy?
Fantasizing about someone other than your partner.
What is coitol sex?
Vaginal and penile sex.
What are paraphilic behaviors?
Behaviors that cause harm to others or one’s self
What is sadism?
Causing others pain for sexual pleasure.
What is Sexual Literacy?
The lifelong pursuit of accurate sexuality knowledge, and recognition of its various multicultural, historical, and societal contexts.
What is Motivation?
Motivation is a need or desire that engines behavior and directs it towards a goal.
What is the Instinct Theory of Motivation
- Generally Predisposed behaviors
- Adaptive significance
- Simplistic explanation
- circular reasoning problems
What is a drive?
Something that drives us to satisfy a need (e.g. Need food, Drive Hunger, Drive reduction Eating).
What is an incentive?
Stimuli that pulls us towards something (e.g good grades).
What is the expectancy x value theory?
Behaviours/motivation = expectancy x incentive value
What are Maslow’s 7 pyramid needs?
- Physiological
- Safety Needs
- Belongingness and Love needs
- Esteem needs
- Cognitive Needs
- Aesthetic Needs
- Self-actualization
What are the 3 Psychological needs of the Self-determined Theory?
- Competence
- Needs to master new challenges - Autonomy
- Action is a result of free choice - Relatedness
- Form meaningful relationships
What is Extrinsic Motivation
Performing an activity to obtain external reward or punishment.
What is Intrinsic Motivation?
Performing an activity for one own’s sake.
What is a Drive State?
Affective experiences that Motivate an organism to fufil goals that are beneficial to survival and reproduction
What is the Homeostatic Set Point?
An ideal level that the system being regulated must be maintained and compared to
What is the hypothalamus?
The portion of your brain that deals with horimones, hunger and sexual arousal
What is satiation?
The state of being full to satisfaction and no longer desiring to take on more
What is a Reward value?
A neuropsychological measure or an outcomes affect importance to an organism
What is the Preoptic Area?
A religion in the anterior hypothalamus involves in generating and regulating male sexual behaviour
What is self-regulation?
The process in which people alter their emotions, desires or actions in pursuit of a goal
What is self-control?
The ability to suppress impulses of desires
What is a goal?
A cognitive representation of a desired state
What is prevention focus?
On of the two self regulatory orientations emphasizing safety regulation and security needs. (Negatives)
What is promotion focus?
One of the two self regulatory orientations emphasizing hopes, accomplishment and advancement needs. (Positives)
What are the causes of procrastination?
- Personality
- Motivational
- Situational
- Characteristics of the instructor
What is the personality aspect of procrastination?
- Trait like aspect
- conscientiousness
- neutralism
- extraversion
What is the motivational aspect of procrastination?
Temporal motivation theory
- perceived low likely hood of success
- Do not expect to and value or enjoyment from task
- There is a long delay between performing tasks and meaningful benefits.
What is the situational aspect of procrastination?
- Complexity
- Difficulty
- time consumption
- novel
What is the characteristic of an instructor when it comes to procrastination?
- Too lax
- Too demanding
- Not supportive
- Uncompromising
- Disorganised
What is Fluid Intelligence?
- Non-verbal and free for intelligence
- Related to a person inherit capacity to learn
- Used in adapting to new situations
(Innate intelligent)
What is crystallized intelligence?
- What someone has already learned through the investment of cultural setting
- Highly cultural dependant
- Learned for tasks
(Knowledged gained over time)
What is a Layperson?
A common person
What is Sternberg’s Triacrchic theory of intelligence?
Analytic
- Ability to judge, evaluate nad compare contrast.
Creative
- ability to invent, discover and imagine.
Practical
- the ability to apply knowledge to practice.
What is Gardener’s multiples intelligence?
- Linguistic
- Musical
- Logical
- Spatial
- Bodily-kinesthetic
- Personal
- Social
What was Spearman’s theory of intelligence?
We as humans have a general intelligence
Who invented IQ tests?
Binet (IQ tests work well with kids, but not children. )
What is the IQ equation?
IQ = MA/CA X 100
What are group tests?
Tests that are given to groups (do not measure individual IQ)
What are achievement tests?
Test that is designed to discover how much someone knows. (Normal school tests)
What are aptitude tests?
Tets to measure potential learning.
What are the keys of good tests?
- Reliability
- Internal Consistency
- Interjudged relibility
What is reliability = consistency?
- Interjudge reliability
- test-retest ability
- Internal consistency
What is Interjudged Reliability?
Consistency of measurement with different people score the same test
What is the test-retest ability?
Administer measure to same participants twice to correte scales
What is Internal consistency?
All of the items of the test should measure the same thing
What is validity = accuracy?
- Constuct
- Citerion
- Content
What is a construct?
Does a test measure what it’s supposed to measure
What is a Criterion-Related?
How well does it predict criterion measures
What is content?
Do items measure knowledge or skills that comprise the construct
What is standardization?
- Development norms
2. Controlled procedures
What is development norms?
Provide a basis for interpreting individual scores - give it meaning
What are controlled procedures?
- Control for extraneous factors
- Explicit instruction and procedures
What are the biological signals that start a meal
- Decline in blood glucose levels
- Liver converts stored nutrients into glucose
- Blood glucose levels increase.
What is the psychology of hunger?
- Eating is positively reinforced good tastes
2. Negatively reinforced hunger reduction
What are the environmental and cultural aspects of hunger?
- Fodd variety
- Presence of others
- Smell and sight of food
- Familiarity of food (culturally conditioned)
What are sexual desires?
- Sexual stimulus preceved positivly
- Negative influences: stress, fatigue, anger, and anxiety.
What issues does procrastinating lead to?
- Missed deadlines
- Claiming test anxiety
- Lower GPA
- Mental health issues (anxiety/depression)
- Regret
- Social isolation
What are the organizational effects of hormones?
- Embryonic development
- About 8 weeks (about 8 weeks) male developed testes if not female
What are the activational effects of hormones?
- Sexual desires/behaviors
- Begins at puberty
- Androgens have a primary influence on sexual desire
- Male (testes, androgen)
- Female (Ovaries, estrogens)
How much does genetics play a role in intelligence?
About 50-70% of the variation in IQ
What do females test better on?
- Perceptual speed
- Verbal fluency
- Mathematical calculations
- Fine motor skills
What do males test better on?
- Spatial tasks
- throwing/catching objects
- math reasoning
What happens to a child’s IQ if they live in poverty?
The more years spent in poverty the lower the IQ tends to be
What is a norm when it comes to intelligence?
Assessments are given to a rep sample of a population to dtetermine the range of scores.
What is stereotype threat?
The phenomena where people are afraid that they will conform to a stereotype or that their performance does conform to that stereotype
What is the Under-determined or misspecified casual model?
Psychological frameworks that miss or neglect to include one or more of the critical determinants of the phenomena under analysis.
What is satisfaction?
Correspondence between an individual’s needs or preferences and rewards offered by the environment.
What s satisfactoriness?
Correspondiness between individual abilities and the ability requirements of the environment.
What is bounded rationality?
Model of behavior suggests that humans try to make rational decisions but are bound to cognitive limitations.
What are biases?
The systematic and predictable mistakes that influence every human.
What is Heuristics?
Thinking strategies that simplify decision-making by using mental shortcuts.
What is overconfidence?
To have greater confidence in your ability than warranted.
What is an anchor?
Affected by an initial anchor even if an anchor is arbitrary.
What is framing?
To bias to be systematically affected by the way in which information is presented.
What is bounded willpower?
The tendency to place greater weight on present concerns over future concerns.
What is “self-interest is bounded”?
The systematic/predictable way in which we care about the outcomes.
What is bounded ethically?
The systematic ways in which our ethics are limited in ways we are not aware of ourselves.
What is bounded awareness?
The systematic ways in which we fail to notice obvious and important info that is available.
What is system 1?
The intuitive decision-making system; typically fast, automatic, and emotional.
What is system 2?
More deliberate decision making; slower , conscious, effortful and logical.
