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Psych Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Gender roles?

A

Behaviors, attitudes, and traits that are designed to either be masculine or feminine.

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2
Q

What are gender stereotypes?

A

Beliefs or expectations people hold on typical characterizations of both men and women.

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3
Q

What is gender identity

A

Psychological sense of either being a male or female.

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4
Q

What is sexual orientation?

A

Sexual attraction to someone of the same, opposite, or both sexes.

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5
Q

What is binary in relation to gender?

A

A person is either male or female.

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6
Q

What is gender consistency?

A

The awareness that gender is constant and doesn’t change by external attrtributes. Ages 3-6.

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7
Q

What is the Development intergroup Theory?

A

Adults focus on gender leads and have gender as a key source of information about themselves and others. The form stereotypes.

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8
Q

What is the Gender Schema Theory?

A

Children form their own gender roles. Children organize behaviors and activities into gender categories.

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9
Q

What are Schemas?

A

The gender categories which, children actively organize others behaviors, activities and attributes

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10
Q

What is the Social-learning theory?

A

Children’s form of gender roles are learned through reinforcement punishment and modeling.

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11
Q

What is Ambivalent Sexism?

A

A concept of gender attributes and encompasses both positive and negative qualities.

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12
Q

What is Hostile Sexism?

A

The negative element, which includes the attitude that women are inferior to men.

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13
Q

What is Benevolent Sexism?

A

The positive element, which recognizes women are perceived as needing protection, support, and adoration.

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14
Q

What is the part of the brian the plays a big role in the distribution in hormones?

A

The Hypothalamus

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15
Q

What does the pituitary gland secrete

A

Gonadatrophs

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16
Q

What do men and women have for hormones

A

Men: Androgens

Women: Estrogens

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17
Q

Where are sex hormones produced in humans?

A

Males: Testes

Females: Ovaries

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18
Q

What are imagined stimuli?

A

Our imagination in our brain can influence our arousal and desire.

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19
Q

What are cultural norms in terms of sexuality?

A
  1. Culture shapes the expression of sexuality
  2. Psychology meaning, sex depends on cultural contexts
  3. Culture norms affect sexual practices and techniques
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20
Q

What are the 4 stages of the sexual response cycle?

A
  1. Excitement
  2. Pleauteu
  3. Orgasim
  4. Resolution.
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21
Q

What is the Excitement in the sexual response cycle?

A
  • Blood flow

- Vasgogestion

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22
Q

What is the Plateau in the sexual response stage?

A

-Increase in vascongestion, heart rate and respiration —muscle tension.

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23
Q

What is the orgasm in the sexual response cycle?

A
  • Rhythmic contractions

- The peak

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24
Q

What is the resolution in the sexual response cycle?

A
  • Genital organs return to normal
  • Males enter a refractory period
  • Females may have more than one orgasm before the onset of resolution.
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25
Q

What are a few genetic sex disorders?

A
  • Turner syndrome (Lack of estrogen)
  • Klinefelter’s syndrome (Excessive estrogen)
  • Double Y syndrome (Mega male, more aggression)
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26
Q

What are some hormonal syndromes?

A
  • Androgen insensitivity syndrome

- Congenital syndrome

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27
Q

What are some factors on gender roles?

A
  • Culture
  • History
  • Time
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28
Q

What is associated with biology?

A
  • Sex
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29
Q

What is associated with sociology?

A
  • Gender (Psychology is a mix of the two)
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30
Q

What are the stages of gender development?

A
  1. Infancy
  2. Lute Infancy
  3. Toddler
  4. Pre schooler
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31
Q

What happens with gender identity in infancy?

A

Can discriminate between male and female

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32
Q

What happens during Lute infancy?

A

Prefers others of the same gender.

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33
Q

What happens when they are a toddler in terms of gender identity?

A

Verbally identify their own gender.

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34
Q

What happens with preschoolers

A

They do not exhibit gender consistency

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35
Q

What happens with gender roles/stereotypes at ages 1-5?

A
  • Gender stereotypes toy preference
  • Gender stereotyped activities expand
  • Gender segregation in play
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36
Q

What happens with gender roles/stereotypes at ages 6-11?

A
  • Gender stereotypes knowledge expands

- Gender stereotyping more flexible

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37
Q

What happens with gender roles/stereotypes at ages 12-18?

A
  • Gender role conformity may increase/decline

- Gender segregation less pronounced.

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38
Q

What are Pribram’s 4 driving thoughts of humans?

A
  1. Feeding
  2. Fighting
  3. Fleeing
  4. Sex
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39
Q

Who is the father of human sexuality?

A

Alfred Kinsey

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40
Q

What is Sexual Fluidity?

A

Personal sexual attributes changing due to psychological circumstances.

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41
Q

What is a Monozygotic twin?

A

Twins are conceived from a single ovum and a single sperm, therefore genetically identical.

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42
Q

What is a dizygotic twin?

A

Twins conceived from two ova nad sperm?

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43
Q

What is Intersex?

A

People are born with either an absence or some combination of masculine and feminine reproductive organs, hormones, or chromosomes.

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44
Q

What is Androgeny?

A

Having both female and male characteristics.

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45
Q

What is a Replacement fantasy?

A

Fantasizing about someone other than your partner.

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46
Q

What is coitol sex?

A

Vaginal and penile sex.

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47
Q

What are paraphilic behaviors?

A

Behaviors that cause harm to others or one’s self

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48
Q

What is sadism?

A

Causing others pain for sexual pleasure.

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49
Q

What is Sexual Literacy?

A

The lifelong pursuit of accurate sexuality knowledge, and recognition of its various multicultural, historical, and societal contexts.

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50
Q

What is Motivation?

A

Motivation is a need or desire that engines behavior and directs it towards a goal.

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51
Q

What is the Instinct Theory of Motivation

A
  • Generally Predisposed behaviors
  • Adaptive significance
  • Simplistic explanation
  • circular reasoning problems
52
Q

What is a drive?

A

Something that drives us to satisfy a need (e.g. Need food, Drive Hunger, Drive reduction Eating).

53
Q

What is an incentive?

A

Stimuli that pulls us towards something (e.g good grades).

54
Q

What is the expectancy x value theory?

A

Behaviours/motivation = expectancy x incentive value

55
Q

What are Maslow’s 7 pyramid needs?

A
  1. Physiological
  2. Safety Needs
  3. Belongingness and Love needs
  4. Esteem needs
  5. Cognitive Needs
  6. Aesthetic Needs
  7. Self-actualization
56
Q

What are the 3 Psychological needs of the Self-determined Theory?

A
  1. Competence
    - Needs to master new challenges
  2. Autonomy
    - Action is a result of free choice
  3. Relatedness
    - Form meaningful relationships
57
Q

What is Extrinsic Motivation

A

Performing an activity to obtain external reward or punishment.

58
Q

What is Intrinsic Motivation?

A

Performing an activity for one own’s sake.

59
Q

What is a Drive State?

A

Affective experiences that Motivate an organism to fufil goals that are beneficial to survival and reproduction

60
Q

What is the Homeostatic Set Point?

A

An ideal level that the system being regulated must be maintained and compared to

61
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

The portion of your brain that deals with horimones, hunger and sexual arousal

62
Q

What is satiation?

A

The state of being full to satisfaction and no longer desiring to take on more

63
Q

What is a Reward value?

A

A neuropsychological measure or an outcomes affect importance to an organism

64
Q

What is the Preoptic Area?

A

A religion in the anterior hypothalamus involves in generating and regulating male sexual behaviour

65
Q

What is self-regulation?

A

The process in which people alter their emotions, desires or actions in pursuit of a goal

66
Q

What is self-control?

A

The ability to suppress impulses of desires

67
Q

What is a goal?

A

A cognitive representation of a desired state

68
Q

What is prevention focus?

A

On of the two self regulatory orientations emphasizing safety regulation and security needs. (Negatives)

69
Q

What is promotion focus?

A

One of the two self regulatory orientations emphasizing hopes, accomplishment and advancement needs. (Positives)

70
Q

What are the causes of procrastination?

A
  1. Personality
  2. Motivational
  3. Situational
  4. Characteristics of the instructor
71
Q

What is the personality aspect of procrastination?

A
  • Trait like aspect
  • conscientiousness
  • neutralism
  • extraversion
72
Q

What is the motivational aspect of procrastination?

A

Temporal motivation theory

  • perceived low likely hood of success
  • Do not expect to and value or enjoyment from task
  • There is a long delay between performing tasks and meaningful benefits.
73
Q

What is the situational aspect of procrastination?

A
  • Complexity
  • Difficulty
  • time consumption
  • novel
74
Q

What is the characteristic of an instructor when it comes to procrastination?

A
  • Too lax
  • Too demanding
  • Not supportive
  • Uncompromising
  • Disorganised
75
Q

What is Fluid Intelligence?

A
  • Non-verbal and free for intelligence
  • Related to a person inherit capacity to learn
  • Used in adapting to new situations
    (Innate intelligent)
76
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A
  • What someone has already learned through the investment of cultural setting
  • Highly cultural dependant
  • Learned for tasks
    (Knowledged gained over time)
77
Q

What is a Layperson?

A

A common person

78
Q

What is Sternberg’s Triacrchic theory of intelligence?

A

Analytic
- Ability to judge, evaluate nad compare contrast.
Creative
- ability to invent, discover and imagine.
Practical
- the ability to apply knowledge to practice.

79
Q

What is Gardener’s multiples intelligence?

A
  1. Linguistic
  2. Musical
  3. Logical
  4. Spatial
  5. Bodily-kinesthetic
  6. Personal
  7. Social
80
Q

What was Spearman’s theory of intelligence?

A

We as humans have a general intelligence

81
Q

Who invented IQ tests?

A

Binet (IQ tests work well with kids, but not children. )

82
Q

What is the IQ equation?

A

IQ = MA/CA X 100

83
Q

What are group tests?

A

Tests that are given to groups (do not measure individual IQ)

84
Q

What are achievement tests?

A

Test that is designed to discover how much someone knows. (Normal school tests)

85
Q

What are aptitude tests?

A

Tets to measure potential learning.

86
Q

What are the keys of good tests?

A
  1. Reliability
  2. Internal Consistency
  3. Interjudged relibility
87
Q

What is reliability = consistency?

A
  1. Interjudge reliability
  2. test-retest ability
  3. Internal consistency
88
Q

What is Interjudged Reliability?

A

Consistency of measurement with different people score the same test

89
Q

What is the test-retest ability?

A

Administer measure to same participants twice to correte scales

90
Q

What is Internal consistency?

A

All of the items of the test should measure the same thing

91
Q

What is validity = accuracy?

A
  1. Constuct
  2. Citerion
  3. Content
92
Q

What is a construct?

A

Does a test measure what it’s supposed to measure

93
Q

What is a Criterion-Related?

A

How well does it predict criterion measures

94
Q

What is content?

A

Do items measure knowledge or skills that comprise the construct

95
Q

What is standardization?

A
  1. Development norms

2. Controlled procedures

96
Q

What is development norms?

A

Provide a basis for interpreting individual scores - give it meaning

97
Q

What are controlled procedures?

A
  • Control for extraneous factors

- Explicit instruction and procedures

98
Q

What are the biological signals that start a meal

A
  • Decline in blood glucose levels
  • Liver converts stored nutrients into glucose
  • Blood glucose levels increase.
99
Q

What is the psychology of hunger?

A
  1. Eating is positively reinforced good tastes

2. Negatively reinforced hunger reduction

100
Q

What are the environmental and cultural aspects of hunger?

A
  • Fodd variety
  • Presence of others
  • Smell and sight of food
  • Familiarity of food (culturally conditioned)
101
Q

What are sexual desires?

A
  • Sexual stimulus preceved positivly

- Negative influences: stress, fatigue, anger, and anxiety.

102
Q

What issues does procrastinating lead to?

A
  • Missed deadlines
  • Claiming test anxiety
  • Lower GPA
  • Mental health issues (anxiety/depression)
  • Regret
  • Social isolation
103
Q

What are the organizational effects of hormones?

A
  • Embryonic development

- About 8 weeks (about 8 weeks) male developed testes if not female

104
Q

What are the activational effects of hormones?

A
  • Sexual desires/behaviors
  • Begins at puberty
  • Androgens have a primary influence on sexual desire
  • Male (testes, androgen)
  • Female (Ovaries, estrogens)
105
Q

How much does genetics play a role in intelligence?

A

About 50-70% of the variation in IQ

106
Q

What do females test better on?

A
  • Perceptual speed
  • Verbal fluency
  • Mathematical calculations
  • Fine motor skills
107
Q

What do males test better on?

A
  • Spatial tasks
  • throwing/catching objects
  • math reasoning
108
Q

What happens to a child’s IQ if they live in poverty?

A

The more years spent in poverty the lower the IQ tends to be

109
Q

What is a norm when it comes to intelligence?

A

Assessments are given to a rep sample of a population to dtetermine the range of scores.

110
Q

What is stereotype threat?

A

The phenomena where people are afraid that they will conform to a stereotype or that their performance does conform to that stereotype

111
Q

What is the Under-determined or misspecified casual model?

A

Psychological frameworks that miss or neglect to include one or more of the critical determinants of the phenomena under analysis.

112
Q

What is satisfaction?

A

Correspondence between an individual’s needs or preferences and rewards offered by the environment.

113
Q

What s satisfactoriness?

A

Correspondiness between individual abilities and the ability requirements of the environment.

114
Q

What is bounded rationality?

A

Model of behavior suggests that humans try to make rational decisions but are bound to cognitive limitations.

115
Q

What are biases?

A

The systematic and predictable mistakes that influence every human.

116
Q

What is Heuristics?

A

Thinking strategies that simplify decision-making by using mental shortcuts.

117
Q

What is overconfidence?

A

To have greater confidence in your ability than warranted.

118
Q

What is an anchor?

A

Affected by an initial anchor even if an anchor is arbitrary.

119
Q

What is framing?

A

To bias to be systematically affected by the way in which information is presented.

120
Q

What is bounded willpower?

A

The tendency to place greater weight on present concerns over future concerns.

121
Q

What is “self-interest is bounded”?

A

The systematic/predictable way in which we care about the outcomes.

122
Q

What is bounded ethically?

A

The systematic ways in which our ethics are limited in ways we are not aware of ourselves.

123
Q

What is bounded awareness?

A

The systematic ways in which we fail to notice obvious and important info that is available.

124
Q

What is system 1?

A

The intuitive decision-making system; typically fast, automatic, and emotional.

125
Q

What is system 2?

A

More deliberate decision making; slower , conscious, effortful and logical.

Psych (6 decks)

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