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Psych > Psych Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Psych Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Structuralism?

A

A school of psychology that sought to describe the element of the conscious experience.

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2
Q

What is Functionalism?

A

A school of psychology that focused on the utility of consciousness.

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3
Q

What are the 6 psychological perspectives?

A
  1. Psychodynamic
  2. Behavioral
  3. Humanistic
  4. Cognitive
  5. Social Control
  6. Biological
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4
Q

What are the 5 steps of the scientific process?

A
  1. Theory
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Test
  4. Anazyle
  5. Build
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5
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

The variable in which the researcher manipulates in a study.

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6
Q

What is the dependant variable?

A

The variable in which the researchers don’t manipulate that “depends” on the independent variable.

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7
Q

What is the experiment condition (group)?

A

The condition in which the participant receives manipulation.

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8
Q

What is the control condition (group)?

A

The condition that serves as a comparison for the experimental condition

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9
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

The “knew-it all along” phenomena where people think they could have predicted a past event.

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10
Q

What are the 3 descriptive methods?

A
  1. Case Studies
  2. Surveys
  3. Naturalist observations
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11
Q

What are the newborn reflexes?

A
  1. Eyeblink (permanent)
  2. Rooting (3 weeks)
  3. Sucking (4 months)
  4. Swimming (4-6 months)
  5. Moro (6 mo)
  6. Palmer grasp (3-4 months)
  7. Tonic neck (4 mo)
  8. Stepping (2 mo)
  9. Babinski (8-12 mo)
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12
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of development?

A
  1. Preoperational stage
  2. Concrete operational stage
  3. Formal operational stage
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13
Q

What is the preoperational stage?

A

Ages 2-7

  1. The world seen through symbols like words and mental images
  2. Child doesn’t understand conservation.
  3. Thinking displays irreversibility, animism and egocentrism.
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14
Q

What is the concrete stage?

A

Ages 7-12

  1. Easily performed basic mental operations involving tangible problems and solutions
  2. Have trouble with problems that involve abstract reasoning.
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15
Q

What is the Formal operational stage?

A

Ages 11-12

  1. Think logically about the abstract or concrete problems
  2. Form hypothesis and test.
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16
Q

What are the parenting styles?

A
  1. Authoritarian
  2. Authoritative
  3. Permissive
  4. Disengaged
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17
Q

What is the Authoritarian parenting style?

A

High demandingness

Low Responsiveness

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18
Q

What is the Authoritative parenting style?

A

High demandingness

High responsiveness

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19
Q

What is the Permissive parenting style?

A

Low demandingness

High responsiveness

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20
Q

What is the Disengaged parenting style?

A

Low demandingness

High responsiveness

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21
Q

What are tetragens?

A

Any environmental agent that can cause birth defects.

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22
Q

What are some tetragens?

A

Alcohol

Drugs

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23
Q

What are the periods of prenatal development?

A
  1. Zygote
  2. Emryo
  3. Fetus
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24
Q

What is adolescents?

A

Adolescence is usually between 13-18 where the individuals hit puberty and find themselves as a person.

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25
Q

What are the perspectives of adolescence?

A
  1. Biological
  2. Emotions
  3. Cognitive
  4. Interpersonal
  5. Social
  6. Educational
  7. Legal
  8. Chronological
  9. Cultural
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26
Q

What are the 4 stages of Erikson’s theory?

A

Forecloser
Identity diffusion
Moratorium
Identity achievement

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27
Q

What is the forecloser stage?

A

Individuals commit to an identity without experimenting with options

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28
Q

What is identity diffusion?

A

Adolescents neither explore nor commit to any roles or ideologies

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29
Q

What is moratorium?

A

Stage in which adolescents are actively exploring options but not yet committed to identity

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30
Q

What is identity achievement?

A

Individuals explored different options then have committed

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31
Q

What is homophily

A

Adolescents associate with peers who are similar

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32
Q

What are crowds?

A

Adolescent peer groups characterized by reputation or images (ex. Goth)

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33
Q

What is psychological control?

A

Parents manipulation or intrusions on how they think in particular ways

34
Q

What is deviant peer cognition?

A

The spread of problem behaviour in a group

35
Q

What are the phychosexual development stages? (Freud)

A
  1. Oral (Birth-1y)
  2. Anal (1-3y)
  3. Phallic (3-6y)
  4. Latency (6-Puberty)
  5. Genital (Puberty-death)
36
Q

What are Freud’s 3 personality theory?

A
  1. Id: unconscious, deep down, majority of personality
  2. Ego: non conscious, realistic part of us
  3. Superego: pre conscious, perfection, contradicts Id
37
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective of psych

A

Personality deep down inside

Victims of who we are

38
Q

What is the humanistic perspective?

A

We are a free agent

Being the best we can be

39
Q

What is the behavioural perspective?

A

We react to our environment

Rewarded for good, punished for bad

40
Q

What is the cognitive perspective?

A

Someone else will

41
Q

What is the social control perspective?

A

We are the cog of our cultures

42
Q

What is the biological perspective?

A

Dopamine or seratonin

43
Q

Okay hat is CBT?

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy

44
Q

Who is the father of psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

45
Q

When did the first psychological lab open?

A

1879

46
Q

When did the first psych lab open in America?

A

1883

47
Q

Who was William James?

A

Functionalism
Undying causes and practical consequences (How/why)
Function and purpose

48
Q

Who was E.B. Titcher?

A

Structuralism
Analyzed sensations
Introspection
Based work on Wundt

49
Q

What are the attributes of a scientific attitude?

A
  1. Curosity
  2. Skepticism
  3. Humility
50
Q

What is ecological validity?

A

What an organism does vs what it can do

51
Q

What are the top criteria of adulthood?

A
  1. Accepting responsibility for yourself
  2. Making independent decisions
  3. Financial independence
52
Q

What is the bottom criteria of adulthood?

A
  1. Finishing education
  2. Marriage
  3. Parenthood
53
Q

What is the typological model of aging?

A

Biological
Psychological
Social

54
Q

What are the process models of aging?

A
  1. Stability model
  2. Irreversible development model
  3. Decrement with compensation model
55
Q

What is the stability model of aging?

A

Assumes an absence of aging effects

- crystallization if intelligentsia and personality

56
Q

What is the irreversible decrement model of aging?

A
  • assumes ongoing and irreversible aging effects
  • how we used to see aging (all down hill)
    -most biological models
    Caloric restriction
57
Q

What is the decrement with compensation model or aging?

A

Assumes age deteriation but also possibility of remediation

Raise their skill to match demand

Lower expectations
Selective optimization

58
Q

What are some of the negatives of surveys?

A

The wording
Sampling
- false consensus effect

59
Q

What is naturalist observation?

A

The observation of something without interfering

60
Q

What is a correlational study?

A

A study where the is a correlation between two variables, usually in a broader setting

61
Q

What’s the problem with correlational studies?

A

Correlation doesn’t mean causation

62
Q

Why would we do correlational studies?

A

To test variables that we cannot manipulate

To make predictions

63
Q

What is an experimental study?

A

A study was used to determine the effect of two variables

64
Q

What is a single-blind procedure?

A

A procedure in which the participant doesn’t know what group they are in

65
Q

What is a double-blind procedure?

A

A procedure in which both the participant and the researcher don’t know what group each person is in

66
Q

What is heterogeneity?

A

Inter-individual and subgroup differences in level and rate over time

67
Q

Life course theories?

A

The theory of development that highlights the effects of social expectations of age related live events

68
Q

What is a chohort?

A

A group of people, typically born in the same year or historical period

69
Q

What are life span theories?

A

Theory of development that emphasizes the patterning of lifelong within persons differences in the shape/rate/level of change

70
Q

What is a longtitude study?

A

A study that takes place over a long period of time

71
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A

Studies that provide information on age group differences

72
Q

What is the psychometric approach?

A

The approach to studying intelligence that examines performance on tests on intelligent functioning

73
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

Type of intelligentsia that relies on the ability to use information processing resources to reason logically

74
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A

Type of intelligence on application of knowledge, experience and learned info

75
Q

What is inhibitory functioning?

A

Ability to focus on certain info while suppressing less important info

76
Q

What is subjective age?

A

How someone feels

77
Q

What is age identity?

A

How old someone feels compared to physical age

78
Q

What is the convoy model of social relations?

A

Theory that proposes that the frequency types and reciprocity of social exchanges change with age (Antonucci)

79
Q

What is the Socioemotional selective theory?

A

Theory proposed to explain the reduction of social partners in older adulthood; older adults focus on meeting people emotional rather than info-gathering

80
Q

What is global selective well being?

A

An individuals perception of and satisfaction with their lives as a whole

81
Q

What is Hedonic well being?

A

Component of well being that refers to emotional expenses

Psych (6 decks)

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