Psych Midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is Structuralism?
A
A school of psychology that sought to describe the element of the conscious experience.
2
Q
What is Functionalism?
A
A school of psychology that focused on the utility of consciousness.
3
Q
What are the 6 psychological perspectives?
A
- Psychodynamic
- Behavioral
- Humanistic
- Cognitive
- Social Control
- Biological
4
Q
What are the 5 steps of the scientific process?
A
- Theory
- Hypothesis
- Test
- Anazyle
- Build
5
Q
What is the independent variable?
A
The variable in which the researcher manipulates in a study.
6
Q
What is the dependant variable?
A
The variable in which the researchers don’t manipulate that “depends” on the independent variable.
7
Q
What is the experiment condition (group)?
A
The condition in which the participant receives manipulation.
8
Q
What is the control condition (group)?
A
The condition that serves as a comparison for the experimental condition
9
Q
What is hindsight bias?
A
The “knew-it all along” phenomena where people think they could have predicted a past event.
10
Q
What are the 3 descriptive methods?
A
- Case Studies
- Surveys
- Naturalist observations
11
Q
What are the newborn reflexes?
A
- Eyeblink (permanent)
- Rooting (3 weeks)
- Sucking (4 months)
- Swimming (4-6 months)
- Moro (6 mo)
- Palmer grasp (3-4 months)
- Tonic neck (4 mo)
- Stepping (2 mo)
- Babinski (8-12 mo)
12
Q
What are Piaget’s stages of development?
A
- Preoperational stage
- Concrete operational stage
- Formal operational stage
13
Q
What is the preoperational stage?
A
Ages 2-7
- The world seen through symbols like words and mental images
- Child doesn’t understand conservation.
- Thinking displays irreversibility, animism and egocentrism.
14
Q
What is the concrete stage?
A
Ages 7-12
- Easily performed basic mental operations involving tangible problems and solutions
- Have trouble with problems that involve abstract reasoning.
15
Q
What is the Formal operational stage?
A
Ages 11-12
- Think logically about the abstract or concrete problems
- Form hypothesis and test.
16
Q
What are the parenting styles?
A
- Authoritarian
- Authoritative
- Permissive
- Disengaged
17
Q
What is the Authoritarian parenting style?
A
High demandingness
Low Responsiveness
18
Q
What is the Authoritative parenting style?
A
High demandingness
High responsiveness
19
Q
What is the Permissive parenting style?
A
Low demandingness
High responsiveness
20
Q
What is the Disengaged parenting style?
A
Low demandingness
High responsiveness
21
Q
What are tetragens?
A
Any environmental agent that can cause birth defects.
22
Q
What are some tetragens?
A
Alcohol
Drugs
23
Q
What are the periods of prenatal development?
A
- Zygote
- Emryo
- Fetus
24
Q
What is adolescents?
A
Adolescence is usually between 13-18 where the individuals hit puberty and find themselves as a person.
25
What are the perspectives of adolescence?
1. Biological
2. Emotions
3. Cognitive
4. Interpersonal
5. Social
6. Educational
7. Legal
8. Chronological
9. Cultural
26
What are the 4 stages of Erikson’s theory?
Forecloser
Identity diffusion
Moratorium
Identity achievement
27
What is the forecloser stage?
Individuals commit to an identity without experimenting with options
28
What is identity diffusion?
Adolescents neither explore nor commit to any roles or ideologies
29
What is moratorium?
Stage in which adolescents are actively exploring options but not yet committed to identity
30
What is identity achievement?
Individuals explored different options then have committed
31
What is homophily
Adolescents associate with peers who are similar
32
What are crowds?
Adolescent peer groups characterized by reputation or images (ex. Goth)
33
What is psychological control?
Parents manipulation or intrusions on how they think in particular ways
34
What is deviant peer cognition?
The spread of problem behaviour in a group
35
What are the phychosexual development stages? (Freud)
1. Oral (Birth-1y)
2. Anal (1-3y)
3. Phallic (3-6y)
4. Latency (6-Puberty)
5. Genital (Puberty-death)
36
What are Freud’s 3 personality theory?
1. Id: unconscious, deep down, majority of personality
2. Ego: non conscious, realistic part of us
3. Superego: pre conscious, perfection, contradicts Id
37
What is the psychodynamic perspective of psych
Personality deep down inside
| Victims of who we are
38
What is the humanistic perspective?
We are a free agent
| Being the best we can be
39
What is the behavioural perspective?
We react to our environment
| Rewarded for good, punished for bad
40
What is the cognitive perspective?
Someone else will
41
What is the social control perspective?
We are the cog of our cultures
42
What is the biological perspective?
Dopamine or seratonin
43
Okay hat is CBT?
Cognitive behavioural therapy
44
Who is the father of psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt
45
When did the first psychological lab open?
1879
46
When did the first psych lab open in America?
1883
47
Who was William James?
Functionalism
Undying causes and practical consequences (How/why)
Function and purpose
48
Who was E.B. Titcher?
Structuralism
Analyzed sensations
Introspection
Based work on Wundt
49
What are the attributes of a scientific attitude?
1. Curosity
2. Skepticism
3. Humility
50
What is ecological validity?
What an organism does vs what it can do
51
What are the top criteria of adulthood?
1. Accepting responsibility for yourself
2. Making independent decisions
3. Financial independence
52
What is the bottom criteria of adulthood?
1. Finishing education
2. Marriage
3. Parenthood
53
What is the typological model of aging?
Biological
Psychological
Social
54
What are the process models of aging?
1. Stability model
2. Irreversible development model
3. Decrement with compensation model
55
What is the stability model of aging?
Assumes an absence of aging effects
| - crystallization if intelligentsia and personality
56
What is the irreversible decrement model of aging?
- assumes ongoing and irreversible aging effects
- how we used to see aging (all down hill)
-most biological models
Caloric restriction
57
What is the decrement with compensation model or aging?
Assumes age deteriation but also possibility of remediation
Raise their skill to match demand
Lower expectations
Selective optimization
58
What are some of the negatives of surveys?
The wording
Sampling
- false consensus effect
59
What is naturalist observation?
The observation of something without interfering
60
What is a correlational study?
A study where the is a correlation between two variables, usually in a broader setting
61
What's the problem with correlational studies?
Correlation doesn't mean causation
62
Why would we do correlational studies?
To test variables that we cannot manipulate
| To make predictions
63
What is an experimental study?
A study was used to determine the effect of two variables
64
What is a single-blind procedure?
A procedure in which the participant doesn't know what group they are in
65
What is a double-blind procedure?
A procedure in which both the participant and the researcher don't know what group each person is in
66
What is heterogeneity?
Inter-individual and subgroup differences in level and rate over time
67
Life course theories?
The theory of development that highlights the effects of social expectations of age related live events
68
What is a chohort?
A group of people, typically born in the same year or historical period
69
What are life span theories?
Theory of development that emphasizes the patterning of lifelong within persons differences in the shape/rate/level of change
70
What is a longtitude study?
A study that takes place over a long period of time
71
What is a cross-sectional study?
Studies that provide information on age group differences
72
What is the psychometric approach?
The approach to studying intelligence that examines performance on tests on intelligent functioning
73
What is fluid intelligence?
Type of intelligentsia that relies on the ability to use information processing resources to reason logically
74
What is crystallized intelligence?
Type of intelligence on application of knowledge, experience and learned info
75
What is inhibitory functioning?
Ability to focus on certain info while suppressing less important info
76
What is subjective age?
How someone feels
77
What is age identity?
How old someone feels compared to physical age
78
What is the convoy model of social relations?
Theory that proposes that the frequency types and reciprocity of social exchanges change with age (Antonucci)
79
What is the Socioemotional selective theory?
Theory proposed to explain the reduction of social partners in older adulthood; older adults focus on meeting people emotional rather than info-gathering
80
What is global selective well being?
An individuals perception of and satisfaction with their lives as a whole
81
What is Hedonic well being?
Component of well being that refers to emotional expenses
