Psych Learning Flashcards
Law of effect
Actions followed by favorable consequences will tend to be repeated
Operant behavior
Operates (acts) on environment; voluntary behavior
Skinner box (Operant chamber)
A chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer
Reinforcer
Any event or stimulus that, when the following response, strengthens its occurrence
Positive reinforcement-Incentives (add something good)
Addition of a favorable stimulant- money; TV privileges
Negative reinforcement- Taking away something bad
Removal of an aversive stimulus; seat belt buzzer-immediately put on seatbelt; getting a headache- taking an Advil
Punishment
The aversive event that, when following a response, decreases the behavior’s occurrence
Positive punishment- adding something bad
Administration of an aversive stimulus- spanking; speeding tickets
Negative punishment- taking away something good
Withdrawal of a desirable stimulus- timeout; revoked license
Negative reinforcement vs. Punishment
Punishment by application vs. removal
Negative reinforcement is NOT a punishment
Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs
Partial/intermittent Reinforcement
Reinforcing a response only part of the time
Fixed ratio
Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
The faster you respond the more rewards you get
Variable Ratio
Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Very hard to extinguish because of unpredictability
Fixed Interval
Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
The response occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near
Variable interval
Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Produces slow steady responding
Classical Conditioning
Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex
Naturally Occuring
Uncinditioned Stimululus(UCS)- Automatically and naturally triggers a response
Unconditioned response(UCR)-naturally occurring response to the UCS
Learned
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
- Begins as a neutral stimulus
- After association with UCS, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Learning
Permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience
Operant conditioning
Learning to associate a response and its consequence’s
Acquisition
Associating a neutral stimulus with a unconditioned stimulus and comes to elicit a condition response
Extinction
Diminishing of a conditioned response
Spontaneous recovery
Reappearance after a rest period of an extinguished conditioned response
Generalization
tendency for stimuli similar to Conditioned stimulus to elicit a similar response
Discrimination
Distingush between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal a unconditioned stimulus
Higher-Order Conditioning
A strong conditioned response is paired with a neutral stimulus causing the neutral stimulus to become a (CS)
EX: bell -> salavation ; Snap, bell -> slavation
Conditioned taste aversion
Accosiating food/drinks with illnesses
Observational learning
Learning by observing others
Modeling
process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Bandura’s 4 steps to imitation
- Attention
2.Retention
3.Reproduction
4.Motivation (desire to do the behavior)
Applications
study in notebook
study in notebook
Little albert study
study in notebook
study in notebook
Learning by accociation
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study in notebook
