Psych final Flashcards
1
Q
What are the key concepts in intelligence testing?
A
Intelligence and metacognition
2
Q
Describe intelligence
A
The ability to learn and to meet the demands of the environment effectively
3
Q
Describe metacognition
A
The ability to understand and control ones mental activities
4
Q
What are the 3 key concepts in intelligence testing
A
Reliability, variability, and standardization
5
Q
Describe reliability
A
Consistency in measurment
6
Q
What are the 3 types of reliability
A
Test-retest reliability, internal consistency, inter judge reliability
7
Q
Define validity
A
Accuracy of measurement
8
Q
What are the 3 types of validity
A
Construct validity, content validity, criterion related validity
9
Q
Define standardization
A
Refers to designing the test so that your score will tell you now you did relative to the population, if they had all taken the test under similar conditions
10
Q
Describe test- retest reliability
A
Give same test to same group of people twice and correlate the scores
11
Q
Describe internal consistency
A
All of the items of the test should measure the same thing
12
Q
Describe inter-judge reliability
A
Consistency of measurement when different people score the same test
13
Q
Describe construct validity
A
Does the test measure what it is supposed to measure
14
Q
Describe content validity
A
Do items on the test measure all knowledge that comprises the construct
15
Q
Describe criterion - related validity
A
How well does the test score predict criterion measures
16
Q
What are the components of standardization
A
Environment = controls for extraneous factors that could differ across testing situations
Norms = provides basis for interpreting your score
17
Q
What are the 3 primary issues in studying intelligence
A
Is intelligence unitary or multifaceted? Is it determined by genetic or environmental factors? Is it important in predicting real life factors?
18
Q
Who argued mental ability is inherited and came up with the theory of psychological performance
A
Sir Francis Galton
19
Q
What did Alfred Binet do
A
Developed the first standardized intelligence test
20
Q
What is mental age?
A
The age at white an individual is preforming intellectually
21
Q
Who used binet’s MA to develop intelligence quotient
A
Lewis terman
22
Q
What did speairmando
A
Used factor analysis to determine the structure of intelligence
23
Q
Intelligence performed governed by what
A
General intelligence, specific abilities
24
Q
What two problems did david wechsler recognize with current tests
A
- Distinction between mental age and chronological age becomes less informative with increasing age
- Don’t want language barriers to cloud IQ scores
25
Who broke down spearman's g-factor into two distinct abilities
Cattel and horn
26
Define crystallized intelligence
Ability to apply previously learned knowledge to current problems
27
Fluid intelligence
Ability to deal with novel problem -solving situations without any previous knowledge
28
What is Howard gardeners multiple intelligences
Linguistic mathematical, visual spatial, musical, body kinaesthetic, personal naturalistic, existentialist
29
What are the three components of sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence
Internal (analytic) experimental ( practical) external (creative)
30
What is Stephen ceci's bioecological model of intelligence
Intelligence is a function of the interaction between innate potential, environment and motivation
31
What are the 4 levels of intellectual disability
Mild, moderate, severe, profound (mild most commun)
32
What are some stereotypes for gifted people
Weak, socially inept, emotionally troubled
33
What are heredity influences on intelligence
Family, twin
34
What are some environment influences on intelligence
-adoption studies
- cumulative deprivation hypothesis
- the Flynn affect
35
Describe electro physiological studies
Modest relation between IQ score and speed of processing
36
What do PET scans snow
Lower levels of glucose in people of high intelligence
37
Health psychology
Concerned with how psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health and with the causation prevention and treatment of illness
38
Define stress
Any circumstance that threaten or are precieved to threaten ones well being and that thereby tax one’s coping abilities
39
Define micro stressors
Daily hassle
40
Define primary appraisal
Demands of the situation, what do I do now
41
What is secondary appraisal?
Resources available to cope, how can l deal with this situation?
42
What is the difference between acute and chronic stressors
Short vs long duration
43
What are the four major types of stress
Frustration, conflict, change, pressure
44
Define frustration stressors and give an example
Occurs in any situation which the pursuit of some goal is blocked
45
Define conflict stressors
Occurs when two or more incompatible or impulses compete for expression
46
What scale measures change stressors
Social readjustment rating scale (srrs)
47
Define pressure stressors
Expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way (pressure to conform and pressure to preform)
48
What are some physiological responses
Fight or flight response, two brain - body
49
What are the three phases of General adaption syndrome
Alarm, resistance and exhaustion
50
What happens in the alarm stage
Activation of sympathetic nervous system
51
What happens in the resistance stage
Physiological changes stabilize as coping efforts get underway
52
What happens in the exhaustion stage
Body's resources may be depleted
53
What are some effects of stress (psychological functioning)
- Impaired task performance
- burnout
- post traumatic stress disorder
- psychological problems and disorders
- positive effects
54
What are some effects of stress (physical health)
Psychosomatic diseases, heart disease, stress and immune functioning
55
Define post traumatic stress disorder
Anxiety disorder in response to a traumatic event
56
Who can develop PTSD
- Any age
- 10% of Canadians during their lifetime
- twice as common in women
57
What are some biological factors in PTSD
Intense biochemical reactions that continue far beyond fight or flight
58
Define experimental research
Research that is used to demonstrate cause and affect
59
Define correlational research
Research that asked how variables related to each other
60
Define social psychology
The branch of psychology that deals with how the individual is affected by others
61
Define mimicry
Taking on for ourselves the behaviors, emotional displays, and facial expressions of others
62
What is it called when there is an improvement in performance because others are present
Social facilitation
63
Define social loafing
The tendency to expend less individual effort when working in a group than when working alone
64
Define group polarization
When people of similar views form a group discussion within the group makes their views more extreme
65
Define groupthink
In pursuit of social harmony, the group makes decisions without an open exchange of ideas
66
Who originally studied conformity
Asch (comparison line)
67
Give an example of normative social influence
Going along with others in pursuit of social approval or belonging ex: clothing choices
68
Give an example of informational social influence
Going along with others because their ideas and behaviour makes sense, the evidence in our social environment changes our minds ex; deciding which side of the road to drive on
69
Define obedience
Adjustment of individual behaviours, attitudes and beliefs to the orders of an authority figure
70
What are some factors that increase obedience
- Remoteness of victim
- closeness and legitimacy of authority figure
- someone else doing dirty work
71
What is the bystander effect
The finding that people are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone
72
What are social roles
Specific sets of expectations for how someone in a specific position should behave
73
Define attributions
Judgments about causes of our own and other peoples behavior end outcomes
74
What are the 2 types of attributions
Dispositional (internal) attributions and situational (external) attributions
75
What is fundamental attribution error
Underestimate the impact of situational factors and overestimate the role of dispositional factors
76
What is the actor observer effect
We make situational attributions about our own behavior and dispositional attributions about the behavior of others
77
What is self serving bias
Use dispositional attributions for successes and attributions for failures
78
Define implicit attitude
An attitude of which the individual is unaware
79
Define stereotypes
Generalized impressions based on social categories:
80
Define prejudice
Negative stereotypical attitudes toward all members of a group
81
Scapegoat theory
The observation that, when bad things happen, prejudice offers an outlet for anger by finding someone to blame
82
What is the just world fallacy
Believing that justice generally happens, and that people get what they deserve
83
What happens to a child with avoidant adult attachment style
Uncomfortable, have difficulty trusting others, 26% of adults
84
What happens to kids with secure adult attachment style
Comfortable, do not fear becoming close or being abandoned, 53% of adults
85
What happens to kids with ambivalent adult attachment style
Insecure and worry that their partners do not really love them and will leave, 20% of adults
86
Define attitudes
Positive or negative evaluative reactions toward a stimulus
87
Define central route persuasion
Going directly through the rational mind, influencing attitudes with evidence and logic
88
Peripheral route persuasion
Changing attitudes by going around the rational mind and appealing to fears, desires, associations
89
Define the foot in the door technique
Get them to agree to something small so they will agree to something larger later on
90
Define door in the face technique
Ask them for something large, expecting a rejection so that they are more likely to agree to a smaller request
91
Define self perception theory
Says that we infer our attitude by observing our behavior
92
When our behaviour changes our attitude is called what theory
Dissonance theory
93
Define motivation
A process that influences the direction, persistence and vigour of goal directed behavior
94
Define instinct theory
Argues that instincts motivate much of our behavior
95
Define homeostasis
Internal physiological equilibrium that the body strives to maintain
96
Define drive reduction theory
Physiological disruptions to homeostasis produce to behave in a thirst
97
Define the arousal theory
Says that we motivated to pursue an optimum level of stimulation/arousal
98
Define the incentive theory
Says behavior is determined by the strength of the expectation that the behavior will lead to a goal and the incentive value placed on that goal
99
Define the set point theory
Biologically determined standard around which fat mass is regulated
100
What are signals that regulate appetite and weight
Leptin - signals brain to decrease appetite and increase energy expenditure
101
What are some genetic influences on obesity
Influence basal metabolism and tendency to store energy as fat or lean tissue
102
What are the four stages of sex
- Excitement
- Plateau
- orgasm
- what Resolution
103
Wha't happens in the excitement stage v
Vasocongestion- blood flow increases to genitals
104
What happens in the plateau stage
Increase in vasocongestion- heart rate, respiration muscle tension
105
What happens in the orgasm stage
Rhythmic contractions
106
What happens in the resolution stage
Genital organs return to normal
107
What role does the hypothalamus play in sex
Hypothalamus controls pituitary gland- which regulates secretions of gonadotropins, which affect secretion of androgens and estrogens
108
What is the parental investment theory
Suggests that differences in mate preferences are due to gender differences in parental investment
109
Define the fantasy of sex
A connection between mental processes and physiological functioning
110
How common is homosexuality
Roughly 8% of the population
111
Define motive for success
Mastery goals - desire to master tasks and knowledge skills
Performance- approach goals - desire to be judged favourably compared to others
112
Define fear of failure
The agony of defeat - performance avoidance goals
113
Situational factors
High need achievers who prefer situations with intermediate chance of success
114
Family influences
Parental pressure and attitudes
115
Cultural influences
Stress for personal achievement or to meet expectations of family and social group
116
What are emotions
Positive and negative feelings that involve a pattern of cognitive, physiological and behavioural reactions to events
117
What are three features common to all emotions
- Cognitive component
- physiological component
- behavioural component
118
Describe the somatic theory of emotion
Stimulus - autonomic arousal - conscious emotion
119
Describe the cannon - bard theory
Stimuli - thalamus - cortex -emotion
120
