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KP181 > Psych final > Flashcards

Psych final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key concepts in intelligence testing?

A

Intelligence and metacognition

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2
Q

Describe intelligence

A

The ability to learn and to meet the demands of the environment effectively

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3
Q

Describe metacognition

A

The ability to understand and control ones mental activities

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4
Q

What are the 3 key concepts in intelligence testing

A

Reliability, variability, and standardization

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5
Q

Describe reliability

A

Consistency in measurment

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of reliability

A

Test-retest reliability, internal consistency, inter judge reliability

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7
Q

Define validity

A

Accuracy of measurement

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of validity

A

Construct validity, content validity, criterion related validity

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9
Q

Define standardization

A

Refers to designing the test so that your score will tell you now you did relative to the population, if they had all taken the test under similar conditions

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10
Q

Describe test- retest reliability

A

Give same test to same group of people twice and correlate the scores

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11
Q

Describe internal consistency

A

All of the items of the test should measure the same thing

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12
Q

Describe inter-judge reliability

A

Consistency of measurement when different people score the same test

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13
Q

Describe construct validity

A

Does the test measure what it is supposed to measure

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14
Q

Describe content validity

A

Do items on the test measure all knowledge that comprises the construct

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15
Q

Describe criterion - related validity

A

How well does the test score predict criterion measures

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16
Q

What are the components of standardization

A

Environment = controls for extraneous factors that could differ across testing situations
Norms = provides basis for interpreting your score

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17
Q

What are the 3 primary issues in studying intelligence

A

Is intelligence unitary or multifaceted? Is it determined by genetic or environmental factors? Is it important in predicting real life factors?

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18
Q

Who argued mental ability is inherited and came up with the theory of psychological performance

A

Sir Francis Galton

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19
Q

What did Alfred Binet do

A

Developed the first standardized intelligence test

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20
Q

What is mental age?

A

The age at white an individual is preforming intellectually

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21
Q

Who used binet’s MA to develop intelligence quotient

A

Lewis terman

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22
Q

What did speairmando

A

Used factor analysis to determine the structure of intelligence

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23
Q

Intelligence performed governed by what

A

General intelligence, specific abilities

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24
Q

What two problems did david wechsler recognize with current tests

A
  1. Distinction between mental age and chronological age becomes less informative with increasing age
  2. Don’t want language barriers to cloud IQ scores
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25
Q

Who broke down spearman’s g-factor into two distinct abilities

A

Cattel and horn

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26
Q

Define crystallized intelligence

A

Ability to apply previously learned knowledge to current problems

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27
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Ability to deal with novel problem -solving situations without any previous knowledge

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28
Q

What is Howard gardeners multiple intelligences

A

Linguistic mathematical, visual spatial, musical, body kinaesthetic, personal naturalistic, existentialist

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29
Q

What are the three components of sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence

A

Internal (analytic) experimental ( practical) external (creative)

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30
Q

What is Stephen ceci’s bioecological model of intelligence

A

Intelligence is a function of the interaction between innate potential, environment and motivation

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31
Q

What are the 4 levels of intellectual disability

A

Mild, moderate, severe, profound (mild most commun)

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32
Q

What are some stereotypes for gifted people

A

Weak, socially inept, emotionally troubled

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33
Q

What are heredity influences on intelligence

A

Family, twin

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34
Q

What are some environment influences on intelligence

A

-adoption studies
- cumulative deprivation hypothesis
- the Flynn affect

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35
Q

Describe electro physiological studies

A

Modest relation between IQ score and speed of processing

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36
Q

What do PET scans snow

A

Lower levels of glucose in people of high intelligence

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37
Q

Health psychology

A

Concerned with how psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health and with the causation prevention and treatment of illness

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38
Q

Define stress

A

Any circumstance that threaten or are precieved to threaten ones well being and that thereby tax one’s coping abilities

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39
Q

Define micro stressors

A

Daily hassle

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40
Q

Define primary appraisal

A

Demands of the situation, what do I do now

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41
Q

What is secondary appraisal?

A

Resources available to cope, how can l deal with this situation?

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42
Q

What is the difference between acute and chronic stressors

A

Short vs long duration

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43
Q

What are the four major types of stress

A

Frustration, conflict, change, pressure

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44
Q

Define frustration stressors and give an example

A

Occurs in any situation which the pursuit of some goal is blocked

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45
Q

Define conflict stressors

A

Occurs when two or more incompatible or impulses compete for expression

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46
Q

What scale measures change stressors

A

Social readjustment rating scale (srrs)

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47
Q

Define pressure stressors

A

Expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way (pressure to conform and pressure to preform)

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48
Q

What are some physiological responses

A

Fight or flight response, two brain - body

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49
Q

What are the three phases of General adaption syndrome

A

Alarm, resistance and exhaustion

50
Q

What happens in the alarm stage

A

Activation of sympathetic nervous system

51
Q

What happens in the resistance stage

A

Physiological changes stabilize as coping efforts get underway

52
Q

What happens in the exhaustion stage

A

Body’s resources may be depleted

53
Q

What are some effects of stress (psychological functioning)

A
  • Impaired task performance
  • burnout
  • post traumatic stress disorder
  • psychological problems and disorders
  • positive effects
54
Q

What are some effects of stress (physical health)

A

Psychosomatic diseases, heart disease, stress and immune functioning

55
Q

Define post traumatic stress disorder

A

Anxiety disorder in response to a traumatic event

56
Q

Who can develop PTSD

A
  • Any age
  • 10% of Canadians during their lifetime
  • twice as common in women
57
Q

What are some biological factors in PTSD

A

Intense biochemical reactions that continue far beyond fight or flight

58
Q

Define experimental research

A

Research that is used to demonstrate cause and affect

59
Q

Define correlational research

A

Research that asked how variables related to each other

60
Q

Define social psychology

A

The branch of psychology that deals with how the individual is affected by others

61
Q

Define mimicry

A

Taking on for ourselves the behaviors, emotional displays, and facial expressions of others

62
Q

What is it called when there is an improvement in performance because others are present

A

Social facilitation

63
Q

Define social loafing

A

The tendency to expend less individual effort when working in a group than when working alone

64
Q

Define group polarization

A

When people of similar views form a group discussion within the group makes their views more extreme

65
Q

Define groupthink

A

In pursuit of social harmony, the group makes decisions without an open exchange of ideas

66
Q

Who originally studied conformity

A

Asch (comparison line)

67
Q

Give an example of normative social influence

A

Going along with others in pursuit of social approval or belonging ex: clothing choices

68
Q

Give an example of informational social influence

A

Going along with others because their ideas and behaviour makes sense, the evidence in our social environment changes our minds ex; deciding which side of the road to drive on

69
Q

Define obedience

A

Adjustment of individual behaviours, attitudes and beliefs to the orders of an authority figure

70
Q

What are some factors that increase obedience

A
  • Remoteness of victim
  • closeness and legitimacy of authority figure
  • someone else doing dirty work
71
Q

What is the bystander effect

A

The finding that people are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone

72
Q

What are social roles

A

Specific sets of expectations for how someone in a specific position should behave

73
Q

Define attributions

A

Judgments about causes of our own and other peoples behavior end outcomes

74
Q

What are the 2 types of attributions

A

Dispositional (internal) attributions and situational (external) attributions

75
Q

What is fundamental attribution error

A

Underestimate the impact of situational factors and overestimate the role of dispositional factors

76
Q

What is the actor observer effect

A

We make situational attributions about our own behavior and dispositional attributions about the behavior of others

77
Q

What is self serving bias

A

Use dispositional attributions for successes and attributions for failures

78
Q

Define implicit attitude

A

An attitude of which the individual is unaware

79
Q

Define stereotypes

A

Generalized impressions based on social categories:

80
Q

Define prejudice

A

Negative stereotypical attitudes toward all members of a group

81
Q

Scapegoat theory

A

The observation that, when bad things happen, prejudice offers an outlet for anger by finding someone to blame

82
Q

What is the just world fallacy

A

Believing that justice generally happens, and that people get what they deserve

83
Q

What happens to a child with avoidant adult attachment style

A

Uncomfortable, have difficulty trusting others, 26% of adults

84
Q

What happens to kids with secure adult attachment style

A

Comfortable, do not fear becoming close or being abandoned, 53% of adults

85
Q

What happens to kids with ambivalent adult attachment style

A

Insecure and worry that their partners do not really love them and will leave, 20% of adults

86
Q

Define attitudes

A

Positive or negative evaluative reactions toward a stimulus

87
Q

Define central route persuasion

A

Going directly through the rational mind, influencing attitudes with evidence and logic

88
Q

Peripheral route persuasion

A

Changing attitudes by going around the rational mind and appealing to fears, desires, associations

89
Q

Define the foot in the door technique

A

Get them to agree to something small so they will agree to something larger later on

90
Q

Define door in the face technique

A

Ask them for something large, expecting a rejection so that they are more likely to agree to a smaller request

91
Q

Define self perception theory

A

Says that we infer our attitude by observing our behavior

92
Q

When our behaviour changes our attitude is called what theory

A

Dissonance theory

93
Q

Define motivation

A

A process that influences the direction, persistence and vigour of goal directed behavior

94
Q

Define instinct theory

A

Argues that instincts motivate much of our behavior

95
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Internal physiological equilibrium that the body strives to maintain

96
Q

Define drive reduction theory

A

Physiological disruptions to homeostasis produce to behave in a thirst

97
Q

Define the arousal theory

A

Says that we motivated to pursue an optimum level of stimulation/arousal

98
Q

Define the incentive theory

A

Says behavior is determined by the strength of the expectation that the behavior will lead to a goal and the incentive value placed on that goal

99
Q

Define the set point theory

A

Biologically determined standard around which fat mass is regulated

100
Q

What are signals that regulate appetite and weight

A

Leptin - signals brain to decrease appetite and increase energy expenditure

101
Q

What are some genetic influences on obesity

A

Influence basal metabolism and tendency to store energy as fat or lean tissue

102
Q

What are the four stages of sex

A
  • Excitement
  • Plateau
  • orgasm
  • what Resolution
103
Q

Wha’t happens in the excitement stage v

A

Vasocongestion- blood flow increases to genitals

104
Q

What happens in the plateau stage

A

Increase in vasocongestion- heart rate, respiration muscle tension

105
Q

What happens in the orgasm stage

A

Rhythmic contractions

106
Q

What happens in the resolution stage

A

Genital organs return to normal

107
Q

What role does the hypothalamus play in sex

A

Hypothalamus controls pituitary gland- which regulates secretions of gonadotropins, which affect secretion of androgens and estrogens

108
Q

What is the parental investment theory

A

Suggests that differences in mate preferences are due to gender differences in parental investment

109
Q

Define the fantasy of sex

A

A connection between mental processes and physiological functioning

110
Q

How common is homosexuality

A

Roughly 8% of the population

111
Q

Define motive for success

A

Mastery goals - desire to master tasks and knowledge skills
Performance- approach goals - desire to be judged favourably compared to others

112
Q

Define fear of failure

A

The agony of defeat - performance avoidance goals

113
Q

Situational factors

A

High need achievers who prefer situations with intermediate chance of success

114
Q

Family influences

A

Parental pressure and attitudes

115
Q

Cultural influences

A

Stress for personal achievement or to meet expectations of family and social group

116
Q

What are emotions

A

Positive and negative feelings that involve a pattern of cognitive, physiological and behavioural reactions to events

117
Q

What are three features common to all emotions

A
  • Cognitive component
  • physiological component
  • behavioural component
118
Q

Describe the somatic theory of emotion

A

Stimulus - autonomic arousal - conscious emotion

119
Q

Describe the cannon - bard theory

A

Stimuli - thalamus - cortex -emotion

120
Q
A

KP181 (8 decks)

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