Interventions Ch7

Question 1

Psychological Skills training ( PST)

Answer 1

A program or intervention that entails a structured and consistent practice of psychological skills

Question 2

Psychological Skills

Answer 2

• Attention Control
• Self- talk
• Imagery
• Arousal regulation
• Goal Setting

Question 3

PST Program Phase/componets

Answer 3

Education Phase: Athletes Learn the value and performance impact of mental skills.
Acquisition Phase: Athletes learn different mental skills and how to use them.
Practice Phase: Apply mental skills in sport practice and competition

Question 4

What are the Common Myths related to PST

Answer 4

*Psychological skills training is only for elite athletes…MYTH: PST training can be done with athletes of varying abilities, ages, and levels in a variety of sport or exercise setting

-Psychological Skills training gives a quick fix for performance problems…MYTH: PST is NOT magical, overnight solution to performance issues . It takes practice

Psychological Skills Training is not useful
-MYTH: Research supports the effectiveness of PST

Question 5

Attention Control

Answer 5

The process that directs our awareness to information available through our senses

Question 6

Components of Attention

Answer 6

Limited Resource: capacity model, limitations people have at performing 2 or more tasks at the same time.
Example: learning how to drive : As we increase our proficiency, our processing becomes more automatic

Selective prospecting: focussing on relevant cues and discarding irrelevant ones

Question 7

Attention Control Strategies

Answer 7

Imagery: using mental images
Mindfullness: complementary intervention

Question 8

Attentional Styles

Answer 8

Temporal and Occlusion

Question 9

Temporal

Answer 9

the process of examining the amount of time people take to select the info they need to respond. (time)

Question 10

Occlusion

Answer 10

the process of examining which characteristics of the performance people use to make a correct response.

Question 11

Self Talk

Answer 11

self talk refers to “verbalizations or statements … to the self”
o Has different dimensions
o Its dynamic
o Has two functions (instructional and motivational)

Question 12

Instructional (self talk)

Answer 12

overt or covert speech that individuals use for skill elopement skill execution strategy development, and general performance imrovment

Question 13

Motivational (self talk)

Answer 13

overt or covert speech that individuals use for mastery, arousal, control and drive.

Question 14

What (self talk)

Answer 14

We can consider
Valence: Positive-negative
Verbalization :”Overt- covert” (aloud vs internal)
Self-determination:”Assigned- freely chosen”
Direction Interpretation ( and Directional intensity ) : “Motivating or demotivating “ ( not at all or a lot)
Frequency: “often or never”

Question 15

Where (self talk)

Answer 15

o Sport context
o Non- sport context

Question 16

When (self talk)

Answer 16

During competition: Athletes use ST more here
o During practice
o Pre game / pre practice
o Post game/ post practice

Question 17

Imagery

Answer 17

“Imagery is an experience that mimics real experience. We can be aware of ‘seeing’ an image, feeling movements as an image , or experiencing an image of smell, tastes, or sounds without actually experiencing the real thing” We are not asleep; “we are awake and conscious when we form an image”

Question 18

Where and When (imagery)

Answer 18

Training and Practice: During; pre-post
Competition: During; pre-post, Pre-competition - used most often, Injury/ rehab setting

Question 19

Why (imagery)

Answer 19

Motivational- Specific: Goals ; outcome
Cognitive - Specific: Specific skill rehearsal or correction

Motivational General- Mastery : Mental toughness, confidence, focus
Motivational General- Arousal Relaxation , psych up , emotion
Cognitive general-Developing and executing strategies or routines

Question 20

What (imagery)

Answer 20

Perspective: Internal (actor) and External (spectator)

Mode (senses)
* Visual
* Kinesthetic
* Auditory
* Olfactory
* Taste

Positive/Negative
* Use positive images
* See what you want to have happen

Question 21

Imagery to be Effective

Answer 21

Vividness: How clear are the 5 senses
Controllability: Can you manipulate the images to make them do what you want ?

Question 22

PETTLEP model

Answer 22

Physical- Invoke sensations (5) associated with actual movements

Environment- Be in or imagine the practice or competitive setting as closely as possible

Task - Congruence between imaged task and actual movement ( correct)

Timing- Matches imaged skill time to actual movement time/speed

Learning - Imagery content should change over time as skill becomes well learned

Emotion - Need to image emotional responses to parallel actual situation

Perspective - Internal or external

Question 23

LONG ANSWER identify and describe the connection between arousal, anxiety and performance.

Answer 23

The connection between arousal, anxiety, and performance is crucial in understanding how individuals perform in various tasks. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, performance initially improves with increased arousal, but beyond a certain point, excessive arousal and anxiety can lead to a decline in performance. Optimal performance occurs when arousal and anxiety levels are moderate, allowing individuals to be sufficiently motivated without being overwhelmed. Effective management of arousal and anxiety through techniques such as relaxation, visualization, and cognitive restructuring is essential for achieving peak performance.

Question 24

Techniques to increase arousal in sport

Answer 24

Pep-talk/pre game speech. is possible for pep talk to back fire. -Instruction or information -Emotion or inspiration

Music- * Tempo Rhythm Lyrics Genre

Question 25

Techniques to decrease arousal

Answer 25

music can calm you, Helps to relax you
-breathing techniques
Biofeedback listening g to your body (heart rate, muscle tension etc)

Question 26

goals and goal setting

Answer 26

goal: target or objective that people strive to obtain
goal setting: establishing desirable objectives for ones actions

Question 27

3 types of goals

Answer 27

Outcome goals: social comparison and completive results (placing top 3)

Performance Goals: focus on improvement and attainment of personal performance standards. (beating your time)

Process goal: focus on the action of the skills and individual must engage in during performance in order to execute and perform well. (focusing on form, pace, respiration rates)

Question 28

problem with only setting outcome goals

Answer 28

and do not achieve them it can decrease your motivation

Question 29

Is goal setting related to sport performance?

Answer 29

yes, goal setting has a positive effect on sport performance.

Question 30

why does goal setting work?

Answer 30

enhance motivation to attain a goal, self-confidence, attention to task relevant info and cues.

Question 31

what is SMART goal

Answer 31

Make sure goals are…
Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Realistic
Timely

Question 32

problems with SMART goals

Answer 32

-do not capture that there are different pet of goals
-do not suggest that we need feedback

Question 33

Why can goal setting fail?

Answer 33

-having different goals for yourself than your coach does for you
-too many goals
-not enough goals
-type of goals
-don’t plan and recognize barriers like injury or illness
-failure to record goals
-don’t make a plan on how to attain the goal
-don’t evaluate and reassess your goals
-lack of patience
-goals aren’t individual

Question 34

Goal attainment strategies

Answer 34

-different types of goals
-record/monitor and reevaluate
create a plan on how to attain your goals
-identify and plan for barriers
-consider team vs individual goals.