Psych:Def Flashcards
Hallucination
Perceptions occurring in the absence of an external physical stimulus. Modalities include: auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, somatic
Hypnopompic Hallucination
Hallucinations as you wake up.
Hyponogic Hallucination
Hallucinations as you fall asleep
2nd person hallucinations
Second order hallucinations are auditory hallucinations in which a voice appears to address the patient in the second person. For example the voice may be talking directly to the patient - “You are going to die” - or the voice may be telling the patient to do some action - “kill him”.
3rd person hallucinations
Running commentaries, voices talking about you
Reflex hallucinations
When someone experiences a stimulus in one modality but has a hallucination in another modality e.g. when you write, I can hear your pen pressing on my heart.
Extracampine
Someone experiences a hallucination outside realms of what is feasible. E.g. I can hear people from Australia talking to me.
Pseudo-hallucination
It appears to arise in the subjective inner space of mind, not through one of the external sensory organs. E.g. when doctors thought the pt wasn’t really hallucinating.
Over-valued idea
A false or exaggerated belief sustained beyond logic or reason but isn’t held with fixed beliefs. Has less rigidity than a delusion, also often being less patently unbelievable.
Delusion
Concept, usually knowledge based, that is fixed. Aren’t necessarily belief based.
Persecutory delusion
Outside agency to cause harm.
Grandiose delusion
Inflated importance/self-esteem
Self-referential delusion
Incidental information that they turn into a reference to themselves.
Nihilistic (aka Cotard’s syndrome)
Believe they have died (bowels rotted, already dead)
Misidentification
Capgras- someone replaced by an imposter
Fregola- various people are same person
Subjective doubles- doppleganger
Delusional perception
Somebody has an actual perception and forms delusional belief from that. Delusional belief resulting from a perception. (e.g. see red traffic light and think they’re being monitored by the government)
Thought insertion
The delusion that certain of one’s thoughts are not one’s own but inserted into one’s mind. Emphasis on thoughts being alien.
Thought withdrawal
Belief that thoughts have been stolen from ones mind by an entity
Thought broadcast
Delusion that one’s thoughts are being broadcast out loud so that they can be perceived by others (e.g. everyone can hear it, not just one person)
Thought echo
A form of auditory hallucination in which the patient hears his thoughts spoken aloud, either simultaneous with him thinking it or a moment or 2 afterwards.
Thought block
Sudden interruption in their train of thought, leaving a blank.
Concrete thinking
Lack of abstract thinking, normal in childhood, and occurring in adults with organic brain disease and schizophrenia.
Loosening of association
Lack of logical association between succeeding thoughts. It gives rise to incoherent speech (in absence of brain pathology.) Impossible to follow patients train of thought (knight’s move thinking/derailment.)
Circumstantiality
Irrelevant wandering in conversation. Talking at great length around the point.
Perseveration
Repetition of a word, theme or action beyond that point at which it was relevant and appropriate.
Confabulation
Giving a false account to fill a gap in memory.
Somatic passivity
Delusional belief that one is a passive recipient of bodily sensations from an external agency (e.g. itching in arm because of MI5)
Made act/feeling/drive
Made: object in qu is experience or carried out by the person but is considered as alien or imposed.
Act: action
Feeling: drive, impulse
Clouding of consciousness
Lowered level of consciousness marked by loss of perception or comprehension of the environment, with loss of ability to respond properly to external stimuli.
Catatonia
A state of excited or inhibited motor activity in the absence of a mood disorder or neurological disease.
Stupor (aka akinetic autism)
More or less complete loss of activity with no response to stimuli; may mark a progression of motor retardation, found in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric conditions.
Psychomotor retardation
Slowing of thoughts and movements to a variable degree. Occurs in depression but other causes include psychotropics, Parkinson’s disease etc.
Flight of ideas
Rapid skipping from one thought to distantly related ideas, the relation often being so tentative as for instance the sounf (rhyming) of difference utterances.
Pressure of speech
Manifest in a very rapid rate of delivery, wealth of associations which may be quite unusual (eg, rhymes and puns) and often wanders off the point of original conversation. Highly suggestive of mania.
Anhedonia
Inability to experience pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable.
Incongruity of affect
When someone’s affect doesn’t match what they’re describing (e.g. say they’re upset about dog dying but smiling about it)
Blunting of affect
No change in facial expression (depression or schiz). No objective absence of normal emotional responses, without evidence of depression or psychomotor retardation.
Flattening of affect
Reduced emotional response
Conversion + Belle indifference
Lack of concern and/or feeling of indifference about disability or symptom. Links to conversion. Convert psychological trauma into physical symptom.
Belle indifference – conversion disorder but completely indifferent to it (e.g. right arm is paralysed but they aren’t phased by it.)
Depersonalisation
A feeling of some change in the self, associated with a sense of detachment from one’s own body. Perception fails to awaken a feeling of reality, actions seem mechanical and patient feels like an apathetic spectator or own activities.
Derealisation
Sense of one’s surroundings lacking reality, often appearing dull, grey and lifeless.
Dissociation
An experience where a person may feel disconnected from himself and/or his surroundings
Mannerism
Bizarre elaboration of normal activities (e.g. pt saluting when they walk past you or pt shaking hand constantly in consultation.)
Sterotyped behaviour
Uniform, repetitive non-goal-directed actions (may take a variety of forms from simple movement to an utterance.)
Obsession
A recurrent persistent thought, image or impulse that enters consciousness unbidden, is recognised as being one’s own and often remains despite efforts to resist.
Compulsion
Repetitive, apparently purposeful behaviour performed in a stereotyped way accompanied by a subjective sense that it must be carried out despite recognition of its senselessness and often resistance by the patient. Recognised as morbid by the affected individual.
Akathisia
Condition marked by motor restlessness, ranging from anxiety to inability to lie or sit quietly or to sleep.
