Psych:Def

Question 1

Hallucination

Answer 1

Perceptions occurring in the absence of an external physical stimulus. Modalities include: auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, somatic

Question 2

Hypnopompic Hallucination

Answer 2

Hallucinations as you wake up.

Question 3

Hyponogic Hallucination

Answer 3

Hallucinations as you fall asleep

Question 4

2nd person hallucinations

Answer 4

Second order hallucinations are auditory hallucinations in which a voice appears to address the patient in the second person. For example the voice may be talking directly to the patient - “You are going to die” - or the voice may be telling the patient to do some action - “kill him”.

Question 5

3rd person hallucinations

Answer 5

Running commentaries, voices talking about you

Question 6

Reflex hallucinations

Answer 6

When someone experiences a stimulus in one modality but has a hallucination in another modality e.g. when you write, I can hear your pen pressing on my heart.

Question 7

Extracampine

Answer 7

Someone experiences a hallucination outside realms of what is feasible. E.g. I can hear people from Australia talking to me.

Question 8

Pseudo-hallucination

Answer 8

It appears to arise in the subjective inner space of mind, not through one of the external sensory organs. E.g. when doctors thought the pt wasn’t really hallucinating.

Question 9

Over-valued idea

Answer 9

A false or exaggerated belief sustained beyond logic or reason but isn’t held with fixed beliefs. Has less rigidity than a delusion, also often being less patently unbelievable.

Question 10

Delusion

Answer 10

Concept, usually knowledge based, that is fixed. Aren’t necessarily belief based.

Question 11

Persecutory delusion

Answer 11

Outside agency to cause harm.

Question 12

Grandiose delusion

Answer 12

Inflated importance/self-esteem

Question 13

Self-referential delusion

Answer 13

Incidental information that they turn into a reference to themselves.

Question 14

Nihilistic (aka Cotard’s syndrome)

Answer 14

Believe they have died (bowels rotted, already dead)

Question 15

Misidentification

Answer 15

Capgras- someone replaced by an imposter
Fregola- various people are same person
Subjective doubles- doppleganger

Question 16

Delusional perception

Answer 16

Somebody has an actual perception and forms delusional belief from that. Delusional belief resulting from a perception. (e.g. see red traffic light and think they’re being monitored by the government)

Question 17

Thought insertion

Answer 17

The delusion that certain of one’s thoughts are not one’s own but inserted into one’s mind. Emphasis on thoughts being alien.

Question 18

Thought withdrawal

Answer 18

Belief that thoughts have been stolen from ones mind by an entity

Question 19

Thought broadcast

Answer 19

Delusion that one’s thoughts are being broadcast out loud so that they can be perceived by others (e.g. everyone can hear it, not just one person)

Question 20

Thought echo

Answer 20

A form of auditory hallucination in which the patient hears his thoughts spoken aloud, either simultaneous with him thinking it or a moment or 2 afterwards.

Question 21

Thought block

Answer 21

Sudden interruption in their train of thought, leaving a blank.

Question 22

Concrete thinking

Answer 22

Lack of abstract thinking, normal in childhood, and occurring in adults with organic brain disease and schizophrenia.

Question 23

Loosening of association

Answer 23

Lack of logical association between succeeding thoughts. It gives rise to incoherent speech (in absence of brain pathology.) Impossible to follow patients train of thought (knight’s move thinking/derailment.)

Question 24

Circumstantiality

Answer 24

Irrelevant wandering in conversation. Talking at great length around the point.

Question 25

Perseveration

Answer 25

Repetition of a word, theme or action beyond that point at which it was relevant and appropriate.

Question 26

Confabulation

Answer 26

Giving a false account to fill a gap in memory.

Question 27

Somatic passivity

Answer 27

Delusional belief that one is a passive recipient of bodily sensations from an external agency (e.g. itching in arm because of MI5)

Question 28

Made act/feeling/drive

Answer 28

Made: object in qu is experience or carried out by the person but is considered as alien or imposed.
Act: action
Feeling: drive, impulse

Question 29

Clouding of consciousness

Answer 29

Lowered level of consciousness marked by loss of perception or comprehension of the environment, with loss of ability to respond properly to external stimuli.

Question 30

Catatonia

Answer 30

A state of excited or inhibited motor activity in the absence of a mood disorder or neurological disease.

Question 31

Stupor (aka akinetic autism)

Answer 31

More or less complete loss of activity with no response to stimuli; may mark a progression of motor retardation, found in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric conditions.

Question 32

Psychomotor retardation

Answer 32

Slowing of thoughts and movements to a variable degree. Occurs in depression but other causes include psychotropics, Parkinson’s disease etc.

Question 33

Flight of ideas

Answer 33

Rapid skipping from one thought to distantly related ideas, the relation often being so tentative as for instance the sounf (rhyming) of difference utterances.

Question 34

Pressure of speech

Answer 34

Manifest in a very rapid rate of delivery, wealth of associations which may be quite unusual (eg, rhymes and puns) and often wanders off the point of original conversation. Highly suggestive of mania.

Question 35

Anhedonia

Answer 35

Inability to experience pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable.

Question 36

Incongruity of affect

Answer 36

When someone’s affect doesn’t match what they’re describing (e.g. say they’re upset about dog dying but smiling about it)

Question 37

Blunting of affect

Answer 37

No change in facial expression (depression or schiz). No objective absence of normal emotional responses, without evidence of depression or psychomotor retardation.

Question 38

Flattening of affect

Answer 38

Reduced emotional response

Question 39

Conversion + Belle indifference

Answer 39

Lack of concern and/or feeling of indifference about disability or symptom. Links to conversion. Convert psychological trauma into physical symptom.

Belle indifference – conversion disorder but completely indifferent to it (e.g. right arm is paralysed but they aren’t phased by it.)

Question 40

Depersonalisation

Answer 40

A feeling of some change in the self, associated with a sense of detachment from one’s own body. Perception fails to awaken a feeling of reality, actions seem mechanical and patient feels like an apathetic spectator or own activities.

Question 41

Derealisation

Answer 41

Sense of one’s surroundings lacking reality, often appearing dull, grey and lifeless.

Question 42

Dissociation

Answer 42

An experience where a person may feel disconnected from himself and/or his surroundings

Question 43

Mannerism

Answer 43

Bizarre elaboration of normal activities (e.g. pt saluting when they walk past you or pt shaking hand constantly in consultation.)

Question 44

Sterotyped behaviour

Answer 44

Uniform, repetitive non-goal-directed actions (may take a variety of forms from simple movement to an utterance.)

Question 45

Obsession

Answer 45

A recurrent persistent thought, image or impulse that enters consciousness unbidden, is recognised as being one’s own and often remains despite efforts to resist.

Question 46

Compulsion

Answer 46

Repetitive, apparently purposeful behaviour performed in a stereotyped way accompanied by a subjective sense that it must be carried out despite recognition of its senselessness and often resistance by the patient. Recognised as morbid by the affected individual.

Question 47

Akathisia

Answer 47

Condition marked by motor restlessness, ranging from anxiety to inability to lie or sit quietly or to sleep.