Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3a > Paed:Resp > Flashcards

Paed:Resp Flashcards

1
Q

3 main pathophys features of Asthma

A
  • Chronic airway inflammation
  • Bronchial Hyper reactivity
  • Reversible airway obstruction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Causes of asthma

A

Genetic predisposition
Atopy
Environmental triggers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two types of wheeze?

A
  • Transient early wheezing (small airways more likely to be narrow) (episodic)
  • Persistent and recurring wheezing (Ass w/ common inhaled allergens and atopy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Clinical features of asthma

A 
worse at night or early in the morning
triggering factors
interval symptoms
SOB
Cough
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Examination features in asthma

A

barrel shaped chest
hyperinflation
wheeze
prolonged expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Investigations of asthma

A

Spirometry: PEFR<80%, FEV1/FVC<80%, 15%improvement after bronchodilator
Skin prick test
CXR: Hyperinflation, flattened hemidiaprhagm, peribronchial cuffing, atelectasis
FENO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Management of asthma

A

Stepwise approach:
1) Mild intermittend asthma: Inhaled SABA
2)Regular preventer therapy: Add inhaled steroid (beclometasone) or if <5 oral LTRA (montelukast)
3) >5 LABA (salmaterol)
<5 LTRA
4) increase steroids
5) Oral steroidz babyy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

S/e of long term ICS use?

A

Adrenal suppression
Growth suppression
Osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Features of acute asthma attack

A 
Wheeze
Tachypnoea
Use of accessory msucles
Pulsus pardoxus
SOB interferes with talking
Cyanosis, fatigue, drowsiness
o2 sats below 90%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Management of asthma attack

A

oxygen
nebulised b2 agonsit and ipatropium bromide
IV hydrocortisone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What viruses cause the common cold?

A

Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, RSV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What viruses cause sore throat/pharyngitis?

A

Adenovirus, enterovirus, rhinovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In the older age grup, what could be a bacterial cause of sore throat

A

Group A beta-haemolytic strep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tonsillitis - causes and treatment?

A

Group A beta haemolytic strep, EBV. Penicillin if severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why are kids prone to otitis media?

A

Shorter eustachian tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What would the tympanic membrane look like in OM?

A

Bright red, bulging, loss of normal light reflection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Causes of OM

A

RSV, rhinovirus

Pneumococcus, H.Influenzae, Moraxella Catarrhlis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Complications of OM

A

Mastoiditis, meningitis, OM w/effusion (glue ear) can cause hearing loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is croup?

A

Laryngotracheobronchitis is mucosal inflammation of the airway.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What causes Croup?

A

90% viral.

Viral: parainfulenza virus normally. also: Human metapneumovirus, RSV, influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Typical features of Croup?

A 
Barking cough
Harsh stridor
Hoarseness
Symptoms worse at night.
Preceded by fever and coryza
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Treatment of Croup

A

Oral dexamethasone, oral prednisolone, nebulised steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the most common cause of Epiglottitis

A

Haemophilus Influenzae - not anymore cus of the vaccine lol!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is epiglottitis?

A

Intense swelling of epiglottis and nearby tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

features of epiglottitis?

A

Acute onset of high fever, painful throat with drooling/not speaking child. Stridor. Child often upright with open mouth. Unwell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Treatment of epiglottitis

A

Tracheal intubation

Cefuroxime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Main symptoms of bronchitis

A

cough and fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What causes Whooping Cough?

A

Bordetella Pertussis

29
Q

What is the key feature of whooping cough?

A

Characteristic cough followed by characteristic inspiratory whoop.
Worse at night and can be followed by vomiting

30
Q

Investigations for whooping cough

A

Culture nasal swab, PCR, lymphocytosis on FBC

31
Q

Management of WhoopCough

A

Clarithromycin.
Give Erythromycin if pregnant woman.

Close contacts get erythromycin

32
Q

What is the main cause of Bronchiolitis?

A

Respiratory syncytial virus.

Other causes: Parainfluenza, rhinoviruses, adenoviruses and more

33
Q

What does bronchiolitis cause?

A

Pulmonary hyperinflation and atelctasis

34
Q

Signs and sx of bronchiolitis

A 
Sharp dry cough
tachypnoea
intercostal recession
hyperinflation
fine end inspiratory crackles
high pitched wheeze
tachycardia
cyanosis/ pallor
35
Q

Investigations for bronchiolitis

A

Pulse Oximetry
ABG
CXR (often not needed) shows Hyperinflation, air trapping, focal atelectasis
PCR of Nasoharyngeal swabs

36
Q

Management of bronchiolitis

A

OXygen
NGT
Bronchodilators

37
Q

Prophylaxis of bronchiolitis

A

Palivizumab

38
Q

What are the causative organisms for pneumonia by age group?

A

Neonates: Group B strep, E Coli, Klebsiella, Staph Aureus
Infants: Strep Pneumoniae, Chlamydia
Children >5: Strep Pneumoniae, staph aureus, group A strep, bordetella pertussis,
Viral causes: RSV, influenza A or B

39
Q

Clinical features of pneumonia

A

Fever >38.5
SOB
Cough w/ sputum

40
Q

Examination features of penumonia

A

Tachypnoea
grunting
use of accessory muscles
Desaturation and cyanosis

41
Q

Auscultation of pneumonia reveals

A 
dull to percussion
crackles
decreased breath sounds
tactile vocal fremitus
bronchial breathing
42
Q

investigations for pneumonia

A 
Sputum culture
nasopharyngeal aspirate
blood culture
CXR
Viral titres
43
Q

Treatment of pneumonia

A

oral abx: <5: Amox, co-amox, cefaclor

>5: amox or fluclox

44
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

CF is an autosomal recessive disorder casuing a defect in the CFTR protein leading to defective ion transport in exocrine glands.

45
Q

Clinical features of CF

A

Persistent loose cough, purulent sputum, sob, haemoptyis, weight loss, fatty stools, FtT, prolonged neonatal jaundice, DM

46
Q

What is a common reccurent infection in CF?

A

Pseudomonas Auergionsa

47
Q

Diagnosis of CF

A

Sweat test - Chloride ions above 60mmol/L
Gene abnormalities on CFTR protein on Chromosome 7
Faecal testing shows decreased elastase

48
Q

management of CF

A

Abx (for infections and prophylaxis)
- oral fluclox and nebulised ciprofloxacin
Physiotherapy - chest percussion, postural drainage
Nebulised DNAse
Pancreatic replacement etc

49
Q

How is TB spread?

A

Usually by resp route, droplet spread.

50
Q

Clinical presentation of TB

A

Fever
Anorexia + w loss
Malaise
Cough

51
Q

Diagnosis of TB

A

Sputum sample -> gastric washings
mantoux test
Interferon gamma release assays
Also: Urine, CXR, CSF

52
Q

Treatment of TB

A

Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol. First 2 for 6 months baby.
Pyridoxine after puberty to prevent peripheral neuropathy

53
Q

What is Periorobital cellulitis?

A

URTI followed by painful swollen eye
Proptosis
Red colour vision –> optic nerve compromise

54
Q

Mangagement of Perioribital cellulits

A

Abx

Incision and drain of abcess

55
Q

What is strabismus?

A

Misalignment of the visual axes.

56
Q

What is meant by latent strabismus?

A

Eyes are straight when both eyes open, but a deviation of the visual axes can be elicited when each eye is covered.

57
Q

What is Hypertropia?

A

Upward eye

58
Q

What is Hypotropia?

A

Downward eye

59
Q

What is esotropia?

A

Inwards eye

60
Q

What is exotropia?

A

Outwards eye

61
Q

Causes of strabismus?

A 
Hereditary
Refractive errors
Neurological deficit eg. CP
Craniofacial synostosis
Febrile illness can precede onset. 
Secondary to loss of vision
62
Q

Investigations of strabismus?

A

Corneal reflection.?Symettrical
Cover test: - Exotropia for distance
- Exophoria for close.

63
Q

What is ambylopia?

A

defective visual activity which persists after the correction of refractive error and removal of any pathology

64
Q

Treatment of ambylopia?

A

Refractive adaptation
Occlusion of the better seeing eye
Atropine drops (dilates pupil and paralyses accom so blurry vision in good eye so the bad eye must sort it’s self out)

65
Q

management of strabismus?

A

Conservative: Glasses, prisms, orthoptic exercises
Pharm: Botox under ketamine anaesthesia. Injected into medial rectus if esotropia and lateral rectus if exotropia.
Surgery

66
Q

What are grommets?

A

Ventilation tubes that can help with otitis media w/effusion

67
Q

What are some causes of sensorineural deafness?

A

Inherited:Treacher-Collins syndrome, Waardenburg syndrome
Antenatal/Perinatal: Congenital infection eg. rubella, CMV, syphilis
Preterm: Birth asphyxia, hyperbilirubinaemia
Post natal/ childhood: Drugs eg aminoglycosides, Meningitis, head injury

68
Q

What are some causes of Conductive deafness?

A

Secretory otitis media (glue ear)

Eustachian tube dysfunction (Down syndrome, cleft palate, micrognathia, mid facial hypoplasia)

69
Q

What decibel loss affects development?

A

over 40dB will affect speech and language development

3a (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions