Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3a > O&G:GU Med > Flashcards

O&G:GU Med Flashcards

1
Q

What are two non sexually transmitted infections?

A

Candidiasis

Bacterial Vaginosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the causative organism in candidiasis?

A

Candida Albicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Risk factors for candidiasis?

A
  • Pregnancy
  • Diabetes
  • Antibiotics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Symptoms of candidiasis?

A
  • Cottage cheese discharge
  • Vulval irritation
  • Itching
  • Superficial dysparaeunia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Treatment of candidiasis?

A

Clotrimazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is BV?

A

Mixed bacterial overgrowth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Symptoms of BV?

A
  • Grey-white discharge
  • Fishy odour
  • no itching/redness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Diagnosis of BV?

A
  • Raised vaginal pH
  • Positive whiff test
  • Clue cells on microscopy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the whiff test?

A

Perform the whiff test (amine odor test) by adding several drops of 10% potassium hydroxide to a sample of vaginal discharge. A strong fishy odor is indicative of a positive test result.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Treatment of BV?

A
  • Metrondizole or clindamycin cream
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Risk factors for STIs?

A
  • Multiple/new partner(s)
  • No barrier contraceptive use
  • Prev or current STI
  • Partner has STI
  • 25 or younger
  • Sex worker
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is causative organism in Chlamydia?

A

Chlamydia Trachomatis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Symptoms of chlamydia?

A
  • Asymptomatic (70%)
  • Discharge
  • Urethritis
  • Irregular bleeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Investigations for chlamydia?

A
  • NAATs or PCR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Treatment of chlamydia?

A

Azithromyicin single dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the causative organism in Gonorrhoea?

A

Neisseria Gonorrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A
  • Asymptomatic
  • Urethritis
  • Vaginal discharge
  • bartholinitis
  • Cervicitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Treatment of gonorrohoea?

A

IM Ceftriaxone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What causes genital warts?

A

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Treatment of genital warts?

A

Imiquimod cream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the most common cause of genital herpes?

A

Type 2 HSV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Symptoms of herpes?

A
  • Multiple small painful vesicles and ulcers
  • Local lymphadenopathy
  • Systemic sx
  • Dysuria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Investigations for herpes?

A

Viral swabs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Treatment of herpes?

A

Aciclovir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Causative organism of syphilis?

A

Treponema Pallidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Features of primary and secondary infection of syphilis?

A

Primary: Solitary painless ulcer (chancre)
Secondary: Weeks later, rash, flu-like sx, warty genital growths
Tertiary: Years later, severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Treatment of syphilis?

A

IM Penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is trichomonas?

A

Protozoan infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Symptoms of trichomonas?

A
  • Offensive grey/green discharge
  • Vulval irritation
  • Superficial dysparaeunia
  • Strawberry lesions on cervix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Investigations for trichomonas?

A

Wet film shows protozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Treatment of trichomonas?

A

Metronidazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is contraception?

A

The deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy as a consequence of sexual intercourse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Why should you use contraception?

A
  • Control level and timing of fertility
  • Increase births after age of 30years
  • Decrease in family size
  • Increase rate of teenage pregnancy and second subsequent unplanned pregnancies
  • Increase abortion rates
34
Q

What are the considerations for contraception?

A
  • Age
  • Medical contra-indicatios
  • Headches, acne
  • Sexual Hx- STI screen, cervical smearsAny medications/herbal remedies which may interact?
  • Bleeding patterns
  • Smoking
  • BP and BMI
  • Family Hx
35
Q

What would the ideal contraceptive be like?

A
  • 100% effective
  • 100% safe
  • 100% reversible
  • Free from SE
  • Independent of intercourse
  • Cheap/free
  • Free from medical intervention
  • Acceptable to all cultures and religions
  • Prevents STIs
  • Non-contraceptive benefits
36
Q

What are the oral contraceptive options?

A

Combined hormonal contraception (CHC) “the pill”

COCP
POP

37
Q

When are oral contraceptives CI?

A
  • Migraine with aura
  • VTE
  • HTN
  • BMI>35
  • Breast cancer
  • IHD
  • Stroke
  • Smoker >35years
38
Q

What are oral contraceptives protective against?

A

Ovarian, endometrial and colon cancer. Small increased risk of breast cancer.

39
Q

What is COCP?

A

Contains oestrogen and progesterone

  • negative feedback effect on gonadotrophin release
  • inhibit ovulatino
40
Q

What are the advantages of COCP?

A
  • Reversible, reliable, 12hr window
  • Regular predictable cycle
  •  menorrhagia, dysmenorrhoea
  • May help with acne
  •  risk of PID (due to thickened Cx mucous)
  • May help reduce PMS
  • Protective against ovarian, endometrial & colorectal cancer
41
Q

What are the disadvantages of COCP?

A
  • (P) drug interactions (eg anti-epileptics, antibiotics, barbiturates, herbals)
  • Doesn’t protect against STI’s
  •  efficacy if taken late or after D&V
  • Possible small risk of breast cancer
  • Possible small risk of cervical cancer
  • Risk of thromboembolic disease (x2)
42
Q

What is POP?

A

Progesterone only pill

  • Makes cervical mucus hostile to sperm, thickens cervical mucus + thins endometrium and decreases tubal motility.
  • Can use up to menopause, don’t need to double dose in obese women
  • Affected by liver enzyme inducing drugs
  • SE: vaginal spotting, weight gain, mastalgia, PMS
43
Q

What are the advantages of POP?

A
  • Can be used to prevent oestrogenic side effects (e.g. breast tenderness, headache, nausea)
  • Suitable smokers > 35yrs
  • Can be used in grossly obese
  • Used with medical problems (e.g. migraine, increased BP)
44
Q

What are the disadvantages of POP?

A
  • Less effective than COC (except Cerazette)
  • 3hr window (Cerazette 12 hrs)
  • increased risk of ectopic (due to slow ovum transport)
  • Disrupts menstrual pattern
  • Functional ovarian cysts may develop
45
Q

What are the common SE of oestrogen hormones?

A 
Nausea
Headaches
Increased mucus
Fluid retention + weight gain
HTN occasionally
Breast tenderness and fullness
Bleeding
46
Q

What are the common SE of progesterone hormones?

A 
Depression
Postmenstrual tension-like Sx
Bleeding; amenorrhoea/irregular bleeding
Acne
Breast discomfort
Weight gain
Reduced libido
47
Q

Complications of sex hormones contraception?

A

Venous thrombosis
- More common with 3rd generation pills containing the progesterogens gestodene or desogestrel
MI
- Risk if multiplied by smoking, increased age and obesity

Increased risk of:

  • Strokes
  • Focal migraines
  • HTN
  • Jaundice
  • Liver, cervical and breast carcinoma
48
Q

What are some reasons for condom failure?

A
  • Condom put on after genital contact
  • Condom not completely unrolled onto penis
  • Condom slipped off when withdrawing penis or during SI
  • Use of fat soluble lubricants (e.g. massage oils, moisturisers)
  • Leakage of sperm when penis withdrawn
  • Condom rupture
  • Mechanical damage (e.g. fingernails, sex toys)
49
Q

Advantages of female condoms?

A
  • Protects from STI’s
  • Inserted any time before intercourse
  • Not affected by oils, no restriction with choice of lubricant
  • Non latex
50
Q

Disadvantages of female condoms?

A
  • Failure rate higher than male condoms
  • Needs careful insertion
  • Easy for penis to miss it!
  • Can be noisy and intrusive
  • Do not use with male condom as they can stick together causing slippage or displacement
51
Q

What are contraceptive diaphragms/caps?

A

Fit over the cervix in advance of SI to allow spontaneity. Requires good pelvic muscle tone.
If weight changes yb >3kg different size needed. Used in conjunction with spermicides.

52
Q

Advantages of diaphragms/caps?

A
  • Woman in control
  • Inserted anytime before intercourse
  • Can offer protection against some STI’s (not demonstrated for HIV)
53
Q

Disadvantages of diaphragms/caps?

A
  • Requires correct initial fitting by trained staff
  • Requires spermicide which can be “messy”
  • May become dislodged
  • Must remain in position for 6hrs after intercourse
54
Q

Explain contraceptive implants

A
  • Single rod (Nexplanon)
  • Contains progesterone (Etonogestrel 68mg ) – slow release
  • Easy insertion & removal
  • Fitting following abortion or miscarriage – within 5days.
  • Contains barium sulphate – located by x-ray, USS, MRI
55
Q

What are the advantages of implants?

A
  • Low dose, long acting (3 yrs), reversible
  • No oestrogenic side effects
  • Minimal medical intervention (insertion and removal)
  • Decrease dysmenorrhoea & menstrual blood loss
56
Q

What are the disadvantages of implants?

A
  • Irregular bleeding
  • Requires minor op for insertion and removal
  • Occasional discomfort
  • Rarely infection at site
57
Q

Explain the copper itra-uterine device?

A

Copper: causes FB reaction within uterus, toxic to sperm and egg = significantly reducing chance of fertilisation. Precents implantaion.
• Complications: device may be expelled, device may perforate the uterine wall
• Heavier and morepainful menstruation with copper device
• Increased risk of ectopic pregnancy

58
Q

What are the advantages of copper coil?

A
  • Long term (5-10 yrs), reliable and reversible
  • Effective immediately
  • Effective as emergency contraception
59
Q

What are the disadvantages of copper coil?

A
  • May cause menstrual irregularities, spotting & IMB
  • May cause menorrhagia & dysmenorrhoea
  • increase risk of PID first 20 days of insertion (screen for STD’s)
  • Risk of ectopic pregnancy
  • Perforation at insertion
  • Risk of expulsion
60
Q

Explain the mirena coil?

A

• Mirena: contain levonorgestrel (progesterone), local effects, reduces menstrual bleeding and pain. Also used for menorrhagia and progesterone HRT.
- Causes endometrial atrophy and may suppress ovulation

61
Q

Advantages of mirena?

A
  • Very effective
  • Decrease menstrual blood loss
  • Decrease dysmenorrhoea
  • Decrease risk of ectopic
  • Lowest hormone level of all methods, lower risk of side effects/ weight gain
  • Lasts 5 years
62
Q

Disadvantages of mirena?

A
  • Can cause irregular bleeding especially in first 3 months
  • Fitting may be painful
  • Increase risk of PID after fitting
  • Should not be used for emergency contraception (not licensed)
63
Q

What is female sterilisation?

A

Interruption of fallopian tubes by removing parts so egg cannot travel to the uterus. Patients must be absolutely certain that they do not want children in the future.

64
Q

Advantages of female sterilisation?

A
  • Highly effective
  • Immediately effective
  • Permanent
  • No hormonal effects
65
Q

Disadvantages of female sterilisation?

A
  • Surgical procedure
  • General anaesthetic
  • Not easily reversible (not reversible on NHS)
  • Associated complications
66
Q

Short term complications of female sterilsation?

A

Anaesthesia

Surgical

67
Q

Long term complications of female sterilisation?

A

Increased risk of ectopic pregnancy
No effect on menstruation
Regret
(e.g. vasectomy - men, hysterectomy or tube clipping- women)

68
Q

Explain hormonal emergency contraception?

A
  • progesterone only (Levonelle – Levonogestrel 1.5mg, ellaOne – Ulipristal acetate 30mg)
  • Widely available from GP’s, A&E, FPC, chemists
  • Decrease viability of ova, decrease sperm numbers and may prevent implantation
  • Does not dislodge an implanted embryo
  • Advice pregnancy test if expected period is more than 7 days late
  • Resume ‘regular’ contraception within 12hrs + barrier method for 7 days with oestrogen containing contraception, 2 days for progesterone
69
Q

Advantages of hormonal emergency contraception?

A
  • Effective, low failure rate
  • Easily available
  • Levonelle - taken up to 72 hrs after SI (50% efficacy up to 120 hrs)
  • ellaOne – same efficacy up to 120hrs
  • Can be repeated in same cycle if necessary
70
Q

Disadvantages of hormonal emergency contraception?

A
  • Associated N&V
  • Can disrupt menstruation, cause intermenstrual bleeding
  • Does not protect against STI’s
71
Q

Explain non-hormonal emergency contraception? (IUD)

A
  • Prevents implantation
  • Can be fitted up to 5 days after the calculated earliest day of ovulation or for a single episode of UPSI at any stage in the cycle
  • Needs professional fitting
72
Q

Advantages of non-hormonal emergency contraception?

A
  • Can be used if multiple episodes of SI if within 5 days of ovulation
  • Can be used if vomits hormonal method
  • Ideal if IUD choice of long term contraception
  • Most effective method especially after 72 hrs
73
Q

Disadvantages of non-hormonal emergency contraception?

A
  • Can be painful to insert especially in primip

* Increased risk of PID

74
Q

What are some new developments in contraception?

A
  • NuvaRing
  • Qlaira
  • Male pill
  • Synthetic testosterone & progesterone
  • reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance (RISUG) (non toxic chemical)
  • Intra Vas Device (plug)
  • Mifepristone as EC
75
Q

What is the triple swab STD check?

A

Triple swabs include:

1) an endocervical chlamydia swab (usually in a pink wrapper)
2) an endocervical sample using a charcoal swab to pick up gonorrhoea
3) a third sample, using a charcoal high vaginal swab to test for fungal and bacterial infections.

76
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A
  • MTCT
  • Sex
  • Needle sharing
  • Needlestick injury
  • Transfusion of blood products without screening
77
Q

Symtpoms of HIV?

A

Triad: Sore throat, high temp, blotchy red rash.

78
Q

How do you measure HIV illness statues?

A
  • Viral RNA count

- CD4 cell count

79
Q

Management of HIV?

A

HAART

Highly active anti-retroviral therapy

80
Q

Who should be freq tested for HIV?

A
  • Anal sex without a condom
  • Have multiple partners
  • Other STIs
  • Symptoms of HIV

3a (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions