psych chapter 7 Flashcards
cognition
mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge
thinking
the manipulation of mental representations of info in order to draw inferences and conclusions
mental images
mental representation of objects or events that are not physically present
concept
mental category of objects or idea based on properties they share
formal concept
mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it
natural concept
mental category that is formed as a result of everyday experience
prototype
most typical instance of a particular concept
problem solving strategies
trial and error algorithms heuristic insight intuition
trial and error
process of elimination
algorithms
involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method that inevitably produces the correct solution
heuristics
rule of thumb
not random
insight
sudden realization
a hunch
relies on past knowledge but not consciously aware
intuition
coming to a conclusion w/o conscious awareness of thought process
2 stages
guiding stage- perceive a pattern in the info youre considering (unconsciously)
integrative stage- representation of the pattern becomes conscious
functional fixedness
tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or custom way
mental set
tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past
decision making strategies
single-feature model
additive model
elimination by aspects model
single-feature model
decision based on one feature
additive model
generate a list of factors important
rate each factor
add up ratings
elimination by aspects
evaluate all alternatives one characteristic at a time
eliminate alternative that fail to meet your criteria
availability heuristics
likelihood based on how readily available instances of events are in memory
representative heuristics
likelihood of event on how similar it is to our prototype of the event
intelligence
global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively w environment
Binet
w/ help of Simon devised a series of tests to measure different mental abilities
focused on mental abilities (memory, attention, and ability to understand similarities and differences)
mental age- individuals mental age is expressed in terms of the average abilities of given age group
Terman
revised Binet’s test (Standford-Binet Intelligence Test)
IQ- derived by dividing # of persons mental age by chronological age and times by
army alpha- those who could read
army beta- those who couldnt read
Wechsler
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test
provided scores on 11 subtests
11 scores grouped together to provide a verbal score and performance score
aptitude test
test designed to assess a persons capacity to benefit from education for a training
achievement test
test designed to measure a persons level of knowledge, skill, or accomplishment in a particular area
standardization
the test given to a large # of people who are representative of the group of people for who the test is designed
normal curve
normal distribution
bell shaped distribution of individual differences in a normal population in which most scores cluster around the ave score
reliability
ability of a test to produce consistent result when administered on repeated occasions under similar conditions
validity
ability of a test to measure what is intended to measure
spearman
intelligence is a general ability
people who did well on one ability did well on others and vise versa
g (general) factor responsible for persons overall performance on tests of mental ability
thurstone
there was 7 diff primary mental abilities
didnt believe in g factor
gardner
multiple intelligence
mental abilities are biologically distinct and controlled by diff parts of the brain
sternberg
three forms of intelligence
triarchic theory of intelligence
triarchic theory of intelligence
3 forms of intelligence
analytic-mental process used in learning
creative- ability to deal with novel situations by drawing on existing skills and knowledge
practical- ability to adapt to the environment (street smarts)
autism spectrum disorder
common feature is problem with communication and social interaction
autism
may be unresponsive to social interactions, engage in repetitive or odd motor behaviors, and highly restricted routines and interests
asperger syndrome
show normal even advanced language development
exhibit unusually narrow interests and inflexible behavior , have IQ normal to genius
mental retardation
condition of IQ below 70
can be caused by brain injury disease or genetic disorder
