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Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

biological psychology

A

studies relationship between behavior and bodily processes and systems
also called biopsychology and psychobiology

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2
Q

neuroscience

A

study of the nervous systems especially the brain

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3
Q

Components on neuron

A 
neuron
dendrite
axon 
cell body
glial cells
myelin sheath
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4
Q

neuron

A

specialized cell that communicates information in electrical and chemical form
nerve cell

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5
Q

dendrite

A

multiple short fibers that extend from the neuron’s cell body and receives information from other neurons or from sensory receptor cells

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6
Q

axon

A

long fluid filled tube that carries a neuron’s message to other body areas

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7
Q

cell body

A

processes nutrients and provides energy for the neuron to function
contains the cell’s nucleus
also called the soma

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8
Q

glial cells

A

support cells that assist neurons by providing structural support, nutrition, and removal of cell wastes

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9
Q

myelin sheath

A

a white fatty covering wrapped around the axons of some neurons that increases their communication speed

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10
Q

Communication within neuron

A 
resting potential
stimulus threshold
ion membrane
action potential
refractory period
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11
Q

resting potential

A

state in which a neuron is prepared to activate and communicate its messages if it receives enough stimulation

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12
Q

action potential

A

a brief electrical impulse by which information is transmitted along the axon of a neuron

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13
Q

stimulus threshold

A

the minimum level of stimulation required to activate a particular neuron

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14
Q

all or none law

A

principle that either a neuron is sufficiently stimulated and an action potential occurs or a neuron is not sufficiently stimulated and an action potential does occur

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15
Q

communication between neurons

A

known as synapse
electrical & chemical
1. action potential travels along axon of sending neuron
2. action potential triggers release of neurotransmitters by synaptic vesicles
3. neurotransmitters cross synaptic gap and bind to the correctly shaped receptor sites on postsynaptic neuron

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16
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers manufactured by a neuron

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17
Q

excitatory messages

A

increases likelihood that the postsynoptic neuron will activate and generate an action potential

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18
Q

inhibitory messages

A

decreases likelihood that the postsynoptic neuron will activate

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19
Q

neurotransmitter and effect

A
  1. acetylcholine- causes muscles to contract, learning, memory; Alzheimer’s disease
  2. dopamine- movement, thought process, rewarding satisfaction; Parkinson’s disease, Schizophrenia, drug addiction
  3. serotonin- emotional states, sleep, sensory perception; depression
  4. norepinephrine- physical arousal, learning, memory, regulation of sleep; depression & stress
  5. GABA- inhibition of brain activity; anxiety disorders ADD or ADHD
  6. endorphins- chemical responding to stress or trauma, pain perception, positive emotions; opiate addiction
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20
Q

“runners high”

A

type of endorphin
manage stress
only feel good bc body is addicted

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21
Q

how drugs affect synaptic transmission

A

some drugs inc or dec the amount of neurotransmitters released by neuron
may also affect length of time the neurotransmitter remains in the synaptic gap
can block reputake of neurotransmitter by the sending neuron

22
Q

two parts of nervous sytem

A

central & peripheral nervous system

23
Q

central nervous system

A 
includes spinal cord and brain
cerebral fluids protects it
center of our thoughts
interpreter of our environment
origin of control over body movement
24
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

responsible for keeping body functioning

two parts- somatic & autonomic nervous system

25
Q

somatic nervous system

A

communicates sensory info to the central nervous system and carries motor messages from central nervous system to the muscles
voluntary muscle movements

26
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates involuntary movements (breathing, heart beat, blood pressure)
two parts- sympathetic & parasympathetic

27
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

produces quick physical response to a threat
fight or flight response
transfers energy to other parts of body

28
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

conserves and maintains physical resources

calms you down after an emergency

29
Q

spinal reflexes

A

automatic behavior that are processed in the spinal cord
crucial to survival
indicator that neural pathway in spinal cord are working correctly

30
Q

endocrine system

A

system of glands located throughout the body that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

31
Q

hormones in endocrine system

A

chemical messages
regulate physical processes and influence behavior
metabolism, growth rate, digestion, blood pressure, and sexual development and reproduction

32
Q

pituitary glands

A

attached to base of brain that secretes hormones that affect the function of other glands as well as hormones that act directly on physical activity
directed by hypothalamus
produces growth hormone, prolactin, and oxytocin

33
Q

adrenal glands

A

produce epinephrine and norepinephrine, cause physical arousal in response to danger, fear, anger, stress, and other strong emotions

34
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outer part of adrenal gland

35
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

key role in fight or flight

36
Q

gonads

A

regulate sexual characteristics and reproductive processeses
ovaries & testes

37
Q

neural pathways

A

link different brain structures

formed by groups of neuron cell bodies in one area of the brain that project axons to the other brain areas

38
Q

functional plasticity

A

shift from damaged to undamaged

39
Q

structural plasticity

A

brain physically changes to respond to environment

40
Q

brainstem

A

region of the brain made up of hindbrain and midbrain

41
Q

hindbrain

A 
region at the base of the brain that contains several structures that regulate basic life functions
pons
cerebellum
reticular formation
medulla
42
Q

pons

A

help coordinate movements on left and right sides of body

43
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates movement, balance, and posture

44
Q

reticular formation

A

helps regulate attention and awareness

45
Q

medulla

A

controls breathing, heartbeat, and other vital life func.

46
Q

midbrain

A

involved in processing auditory and visual sensory info.

substantia nigra- involved in motor control and contains a large concentration of dopaine producing neurons

47
Q

forebrain

A

uppermost and largest brain region

corpus callosum and cerebral cortex

48
Q

cerebral cortex

A

divided into two hemispheres and responsible for sophisticated mental functions
outer portion of forebrain

49
Q

corpus callosum

A

divided into four lobes
temporal- auditory
occipital- back hemisphere; visual info
parietal lobe- bodily (somatosensory); touch, temp, info from receptors
frontal lobe- voluntary muscle movements, thinking, planning, emotional

50
Q

limbic system

A

forebrain structures that form around the brainstem and are involved in emotion, motivation, learning and memory
hippocampus- forming new memories
thalamus- processes and integrates sensory info; relays sensory info to cerebral cortex
hypothalamus- links brain and endocrine system; regulates hunger thirst sleep and sexual behavior
amygdala- involved in memory and motion especially fear and anger

Psychology (6 decks)

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