Chapter 1 Flashcards
Psychology
scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Aristotle
wrote about sleeps, dreams, the senses, and memory
PERI PSYCHE- about the psyche
Rene Decartes
interactive dualism- mind and body were separate entities that interact to produce sensations, emotions, and other conscious experiences
nature vs. nurture
nature= mind= genetic; DNA nurture= body= environment
Physiology
biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms
Wilhelm Wundt
first psychology lab
used scientific method to study fundamental psychological processes
founder of psychology
considered structuralist
William James
instrumental in establishing psych in US influenced by Darwin started Functionalism stressed adaptation to environmental changes "Principles of Psych"
Functionalsim
school of psychology started by James
stresses importance of how behavior functions to allow people and animals to adapt to their environment
Structuralism
developed by Edward B. Titchener
early school of psych
emphasized studying the most basic components or structures of conscious experiences
first school of psych to disappear
19th Cent Contributions
James Wundt Freud Pavlov Watson Skinner Rogers Maslow
Freud
founder of psychoanalysis
studied the unconscious
unconscious conflict were almost always sexual or aggressive
Psychoanalysis
personality theory and form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of the unconscious factors in personality and behavior
Gestalt Psychology
making psychology whole
Behaviorism
rejected emphasis on consciousness promoted by structuralism functionalism & psychoanalysis
emphasizes the study of observable behavior as they pertain to the process of learning
Pavlov Skinner & Watson associated with it
goal: discover the fundamental principles of learning
Pavlov
behaviorist
experimented on dog using a bell
dog would drool when bell rang because he knew he would get food
Watson
behaviorist
used reinforcement and punishment
Humanistic psych
emphasizes each persons unique potential for psychologicall growth and self-direction
founded by Rogers
Rogers
founded humanistic psych
emphasized conscious experiences with patients
self-determination, free will, importance of choice
Maslow
humanistic
emphasized psychological growth
8 perspectives in contemporary psych
biological psychodynamic behavioral humanistic-existential positive cognitive cross-cultural evolutionary
Biological perspective
emphasizes studying the physical base of human and animal behavior
included nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics
Psychodynamic perspective
emphasizes the importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships in explaining the underlying dynamic of behavior or in treating people with psychological problems
Behavioral perspective
how behavior is acquired or modified by environmental causes
Humanistic perspective
motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonal relationships on a persons self-concept, and the importance of choice and self-direction in striving to reach one’s potential
Positive Psychology perspective
study of positive emotions and psychological states, positive individual traits, and the social institutions that foster positive individuals and communities
Cognitive perspective
focused on the important role of mental processes in how people process and remember information, develop languages, solve problems, and think
Cross-cultural perspective
how cultural factors influence patterns of behavior
culture
attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people and communicated from one generation to another
Evolutionary perspective
application of principles of evolution to explain psychological processes and phenomena
natural selecetion
Specialty areas in psych
biological psych clinical psych cognitive psych counseling psych educational psych experimental psych developmental forensic health industrial/ organizational personality rehabilitation social sports school military
Biological psychology
studies psychological processes and bodys physical systems
includes neuroscience
Clinical psych
studies the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of different types of behavioral and emotional disorders
Counseling psych
helps people of all ages adjust, adapt, and cope with personal and interpersonal problems
Educational psych
studies how people of all ages learn
help develop instructional methods and materials used to train people in edu. and work settings
Experimental psych
research focused on sensory and perceptual processes, and principles of learning, emotion and motivation
Developmental psych
studies the physical, social, and psychological changes that occur at diff ages and stages of lifespan
Forensic psych
applies psych principles and techniques to legal issues such as assessment and treatment of offenders, mental competency to stand trial, child custody, jury selection, and eyewitness testimony
Health psych
focuses of psych factors in development, prevention, and treatment of illness
Industrial/organizational psych
concerned with relationship btwn people and work
job analysis, personnel selection and training, worker productivity, job satis.. etc
Personality psych
studies nature of human personality, including individual difference, the characterisitcs that make each person unique
Rehab psych
applies psych knowledge to helping people with chronic and disabling health conditions
Social psych
explores how ppl are affected by social environments and how ppl influence others
Sports psych
psych theory and knowledge to enhance athletic motivation performance and consistency
Clinical Psychology vs Psychiatry
clinical psychology= receives leads to a doctorate with PhD PsyD
training with psychotherapy
psychiatry= medical speacialty; need medical degree MD or DO; can hospitalize or prescribe drug
4 goals of psych
describe
explain
predict
control
Scientific assumptions
- events are lawful-assume behavior and mental processes follow consistent pattern
- events are explainable- behavior and mental process have cause or causes that can be understood through careful systematic study
- open-minded- willing to consider new or alternative explanation
- healthy skepticism- critically evaluate evidence
Critical thinking
active process of minimizing preconceptions and biases while evaluating evidence, determining the conclusions that can reasonably be drawn from evidence , and considering alternative explanations for research findings or other phenomena
Descriptive research method
strategies for observing and describing behavior
- naturalistic
- case studies
- surveys
- correlational study
Naturalistic
researchers study subject in natural setting
crucial they’re not seen so subject doesn’t change behavior
Case studies
intensive study of a single individual or small group of individuals with unique behavior/phenomena
long-term
many people may drop out
Surveys
questionnaire or interview designed to investigate the opinions, behaviors, or characteristis of a particular group
quantitative info
not reliable
need sample of population for study
Correlational study
show how strong two factors are related
use correlation coeff less than or equal to 1.00
can be pos or neg
Imaging techniques used to study brain
- positron emission tomography
- magnetic resonance imaging
- functional magnetic resonance imaging
Positron emission tomography
PET scan
invasive
provides color-coded images of brain activity by tracking the brain’s use of radioactively tagged compound such as glucose oxygen or another drug
Magnetic resonance imaging
MRI
noninvasive
produces highly detailed images of the body’s structures and tissues using electromagnetic signals generated by the body in response to magnetic fields
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
fMRI
noninvasive
uses magnetic fields to map brain activity by mearuring changes in the brain’s blood flow and oxygen levels
limitations to imaging techniques
- involve small number of subjects
- tend to focus on simple aspects of behavior
- may not increase understanding of psychological process
- not necessarily a more scientific explanation
