psych chapter 5

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior, knowledge, capability or attitude due to experience

Question 2

conditioning

Answer 2

form of learning through association between environmental events and behavioral responses

Question 3

forms of conditioning

Answer 3

classical
operant
observational

Question 4

discovery of classical conditioning

Answer 4

Pavlov was investigating the role of saliva in digestion using dogs
He showed dogs food so they would salivate but eventually the dogs would salivate before being shown food

Question 5

classical conditioning

Answer 5

associating two stimuli together such that one stimulus predicts the other stimulus that follow
involuntary response
Pavlov
emotions triggered

Question 6

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 6

natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without prior learning

ex. food

Question 7

unconditioned response

Answer 7

natural unlearned response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

ex. salivation

Question 8

neutral stimulus

Answer 8

object that is unrelated

ex. ringing of bell

Question 9

conditioned stimulus

Answer 9

“neutral” stimulus after association is made

ex. ringing of bell

Question 10

conditioned response

Answer 10

learned response to conditioned stimulus

ex. salivation

Question 11

5 major conditioned responses

Answer 11

acquisition
extinction
spontaneous recovery
generalization
discrimination

Question 12

acquisition

Answer 12

how we acquire a conditioned response

factors: sequence of presentation, intensity of UCS, how well CS predict the occurence of UCS

Question 13

extinction

Answer 13

CS no longer elicits CR

how does it happen? present CS w/o UCS

Question 14

spontaneous recovery

Answer 14

reappearance of an extinguished CR after time passed

Question 15

generalization

Answer 15

occurrence of response to stimuli similar to a CS

Question 16

discrimination

Answer 16

learn to distinguish btwn CS that produces CR and the similar stimulus doesnt

Question 17

taste aversion

Answer 17

violates 2 classical conditioning principles
repeated pairing not needed
time span btwn 2 stimuli up to 24 hrs apart
used by sheep ranchers

Question 18

higher order conditioning

Answer 18

conditioning to a series of stimuli
take place when neutral stimulus is paired with CS
new stimulis becomes associated with CS and gains the power to elicit the same CR

Question 19

watson and views on psychology

Answer 19

behaviorist view it as purely objective experimental branch of natural science
suggested pscyh should be redefined as the scientific study of behavior
all human behavior is a result of conditioning and learning

Question 20

watson and little albert

Answer 20

triggered fear in albert by sounding a loud noise and then showing him a white rat

Question 21

thorndike

Answer 21

operant conditioning
experiment with cats in a box and string on box would open
animals learned through trial and error
law of effect

Question 22

operant conditioning

Answer 22

learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequence of the response
voluntary behavior

Question 23

law of effect

Answer 23

consequence of response determines whether response will be enhanced or weakened

Question 24

skinner

Answer 24

behavior shaped by environment

other people shape and control us through consequences

Question 25

basic principles of operant conditioning

Answer 25

pos/neg reinforcement pos/neg punishment reinforcement schedules

Question 26

reinforcement

Answer 26

consequence that inc the frequency of behavior

Question 27

positive reinforcement

Answer 27

presenting a desirable stimulus after response

Question 28

negative reinforcement

Answer 28

reducing or removing an aversion stimulus following a response

Question 29

primary reinforcement

Answer 29

natural or inherently reinforcing a given species | ex. food, water, shelter

Question 30

secondary reinforcement

Answer 30

aka conditioned reinforcement acquired reinforcing value by being associating with primary ex. money, good grades

Question 31

punishment

Answer 31

consequence that dec frequency of the behavior it follows

Question 32

positive punishment

Answer 32

supplying an undesired stimulus | ex. spanking

Question 33

negative punishment

Answer 33

removal of pleasant stimulus | ex. times out

Question 34

discriminative stimulus

Answer 34

a specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced and in the absence of which a particular response is not likely to be reinforced

Question 35

shaping

Answer 35

operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of global behavior until the goal behavior is displayed

Question 36

reinforcement schedules

Answer 36

delivery of reinforcer according to a present pattern based on the number of responses or the time interval btwn responses partial and continues partial: ratio and interval ratio: fixed & variable interval: fixed & variable

Question 37

fixed ratio

Answer 37

reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after a fixed number of responses has occured ex. piecework

Question 38

variable ratio

Answer 38

reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses which varies unpredictably from trial to trial ex. slot machine

Question 39

fixed interval

Answer 39

reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an average time interval has elapsed ex. salary

Question 40

variable interval

Answer 40

reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an average time interval varies form trial to trial ex. fishing

Question 41

learned helplessness

Answer 41

phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversion events produces passive behavior

Question 42

observational learning

Answer 42

learning that occurs through observing the actions of others

Question 43

latent learning

Answer 43

tolman learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but not behaviorally demonstrated until reinforcement given rats in maze experiment didnt make it through the maze until given cheese

Question 44

bandura and observational learning

Answer 44

experiment with bobo doll and children

Question 45

observational learning in animals

Answer 45

dogs taught to retrieve drugs