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psychology > psych chapter 6 > Flashcards

psych chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

reflexes

A

a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment

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2
Q

learning

A

the process of acquiring through experience new & relatively enduring information or behaviors

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3
Q

John Locke & David Hume

A

echoed Aristotle, we learn, first, by association, our minds naturally connect events

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4
Q

habituation

A

decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus

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5
Q

associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together, the event may be two stimuli or a response & its consequence

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6
Q

stimulus

A

any event or situation that evokes a response

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7
Q

respondent behavior

A

occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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8
Q

operant behavior

A

operates on the environment, producing consequences

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9
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Russian scientist, best known for research on dogs & experiments in classical conditioning

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10
Q

classical conditioning

A

a process by which we learn to associate stimuli & consequently to anticipate events

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11
Q

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

stimulus that elicits a reflective response in an organism

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12
Q

unconditioned response (UCR)

A

a natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus

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13
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response

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14
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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15
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus

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16
Q

Moisha

A

diagnosed with cancer, she vomited every time after her chemotherapy treatments & after the remission of her cancer and she still had doctors appointments she would get nauseous when at the office

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17
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

pairing a new neutral stimulus with the conditioned stimulus (second-order conditioning)

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18
Q

acquisition

A

when an organism learned to connect a neutral stimulus & an unconditioned stimulus

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19
Q

Garcia & Koelling

A

rat study involving flavor/illness & light-sound/illness, flavor/illness group learned to avoid the flavor

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20
Q

Robert Rescorla & Alan Wagner

A

mathematical formula to calculate probability that association is learned given the ability of a conditioned stimulus predicting the occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus & other factors (Rescorla-Wagner model)

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21
Q

extinction

A

the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus

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22
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a res period

23
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

when an organism learned to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar

24
Q

stimulus generalization

A

when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

25
Q

John B. Watson

A

founder of behaviorism, the idea that all behavior can be studied as a simple stimulus-response reaction, without regard for the internal processes (outward observable behavior)

26
Q

shaping

A

rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior

27
Q

primary reinforcer

A

reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities

28
Q

secondary reinforcer

A

no inherent value & only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer

29
Q

Adibereshki & Abkenar

A

found that token economies, increases appropriate social behavior & reduced inappropriate behaviorism

30
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

when an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior

31
Q

partial reinforcement

A

the person or animal does not get reinforced every time they perform the desired behavior (intermittent reinforcement)

32
Q

fixed

A

the number of responses between reinforcements, or amount of time in between reinforcements (unchanging)

33
Q

variable

A

the number of responses or amount of time between reinforcements (changes)

34
Q

interval

A

the schedule is based on the time between reinforcements

35
Q

ratio

A

the schedule is based on the number of responses between reinforcements

36
Q

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

A

when behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

37
Q

variable interval reinforcement schedule

A

the person or animal gets the reinforcement based on varying amounts of time (unpredictable)

38
Q

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

A

there are a set number of responses that must occur before the behavior is rewarded

39
Q

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

A

the number of responses needed for a reward varies (most powerful)

40
Q

Skinner

A

staunch believer that cognition didn’t matter, ideas considered radical behaviorism

41
Q

Edward C. Tolman

A

placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way out

42
Q

cognitive map

A

a mental picture of the layout of the maze

43
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate is

44
Q

observational learning

A

when we learn by watching others & then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say

45
Q

models

A

individuals imitating the behavior

46
Q

Albert Bandura

A

social learning theory, taking cognitive processes into account, pure behaviorism can’t explain learning in the absences of external reinforcement

47
Q

live model

A

in person behavior

48
Q

verbal model

A

explains/describes behavior

49
Q

symbolic model

A

behaviors demonstrated by fictional characters/real people in books, movies, tv, etc.

50
Q

vicarious reinforcement

A

seeing the model be reinforced for their behavior, & being more motivated to copy them

51
Q

vicarious punishment

A

seeing the model being punished, & less motivated to copy them

52
Q

prosocial

A

used to encourage socially acceptable behavior (positive)

53
Q

antisocial

A

negative behaviors

psychology (5 decks)

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