psych chapter 6 Flashcards
reflexes
a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment
learning
the process of acquiring through experience new & relatively enduring information or behaviors
John Locke & David Hume
echoed Aristotle, we learn, first, by association, our minds naturally connect events
habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together, the event may be two stimuli or a response & its consequence
stimulus
any event or situation that evokes a response
respondent behavior
occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
operant behavior
operates on the environment, producing consequences
Ivan Pavlov
Russian scientist, best known for research on dogs & experiments in classical conditioning
classical conditioning
a process by which we learn to associate stimuli & consequently to anticipate events
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that elicits a reflective response in an organism
unconditioned response (UCR)
a natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus
neutral stimulus (NS)
stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response
conditioned stimulus (CS)
stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response (CR)
behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus
Moisha
diagnosed with cancer, she vomited every time after her chemotherapy treatments & after the remission of her cancer and she still had doctors appointments she would get nauseous when at the office
higher-order conditioning
pairing a new neutral stimulus with the conditioned stimulus (second-order conditioning)
acquisition
when an organism learned to connect a neutral stimulus & an unconditioned stimulus
Garcia & Koelling
rat study involving flavor/illness & light-sound/illness, flavor/illness group learned to avoid the flavor
Robert Rescorla & Alan Wagner
mathematical formula to calculate probability that association is learned given the ability of a conditioned stimulus predicting the occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus & other factors (Rescorla-Wagner model)
extinction
the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a res period
stimulus discrimination
when an organism learned to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar
stimulus generalization
when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
John B. Watson
founder of behaviorism, the idea that all behavior can be studied as a simple stimulus-response reaction, without regard for the internal processes (outward observable behavior)
shaping
rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior
primary reinforcer
reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities
secondary reinforcer
no inherent value & only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer
Adibereshki & Abkenar
found that token economies, increases appropriate social behavior & reduced inappropriate behaviorism
continuous reinforcement
when an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior
partial reinforcement
the person or animal does not get reinforced every time they perform the desired behavior (intermittent reinforcement)
fixed
the number of responses between reinforcements, or amount of time in between reinforcements (unchanging)
variable
the number of responses or amount of time between reinforcements (changes)
interval
the schedule is based on the time between reinforcements
ratio
the schedule is based on the number of responses between reinforcements
fixed interval reinforcement schedule
when behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time
variable interval reinforcement schedule
the person or animal gets the reinforcement based on varying amounts of time (unpredictable)
fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
there are a set number of responses that must occur before the behavior is rewarded
variable ratio reinforcement schedule
the number of responses needed for a reward varies (most powerful)
Skinner
staunch believer that cognition didn’t matter, ideas considered radical behaviorism
Edward C. Tolman
placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way out
cognitive map
a mental picture of the layout of the maze
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate is
observational learning
when we learn by watching others & then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say
models
individuals imitating the behavior
Albert Bandura
social learning theory, taking cognitive processes into account, pure behaviorism can’t explain learning in the absences of external reinforcement
live model
in person behavior
verbal model
explains/describes behavior
symbolic model
behaviors demonstrated by fictional characters/real people in books, movies, tv, etc.
vicarious reinforcement
seeing the model be reinforced for their behavior, & being more motivated to copy them
vicarious punishment
seeing the model being punished, & less motivated to copy them
prosocial
used to encourage socially acceptable behavior (positive)
antisocial
negative behaviors
