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psych chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

sensory receptors

A

specialized neurons that respond to specific types of stimuli

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2
Q

sensation

A

when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

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3
Q

transduction

A

conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential

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4
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time

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5
Q

subliminal messages

A

messages presented below the threshold of conscious awareness

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6
Q

difference threshold

A

changes depending on the stimulus intensity

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7
Q

Weber’s law

A

the difference threshold is a constant fraction of the original stimulus (Ernst Weber - 1830’s)

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8
Q

perception

A

the way sensory information is organized, interpreted & consciously experienced

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9
Q

bottom-up processing

A

sensory information from a stimulus in the environment driving a process

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10
Q

top-down processing

A

knowledge & expectancy driving a process

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11
Q

sensory adaptation

A

not perceiving stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time

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12
Q

inattentional blindness

A

the failure to notice something that is completely visible because the person was actively attending to something else & did not pay attention to other things

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13
Q

signal detection theory

A

the ability to identify a stimulus when it is embedded in a distracting background

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14
Q

Muller-lyer illusion

A

lines appear to be different lengths, but they are actually the same length

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15
Q

amplitude

A

the distance from the center line to the top point if the crest or the bottom point of the trough

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16
Q

wavelength

A

the length of a wave from one peak to the next

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17
Q

frequency

A

the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period & is often expressed in terms of hertz

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18
Q

hertz (Hz)

A

cycles per second

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19
Q

visible spectrum

A

the portion of the larger electromagnetic spectrum that we can see

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20
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

encompasses all of the electromagnetic radiation that occurs in our environment including; gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light, microwave, & radio waves

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21
Q

decibels (dB)

A

logarithmic unit of sound intensity

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22
Q

timbre

A

a sound’s purity, affected by complex interplay of frequency, amplitude, & timing of sound waves

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23
Q

cornea

A

the transparent covering over the eye

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24
Q

pupil

A

the small opening in the eye through which light passes, & the size changes as a function of light levels & emotional arousal

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25
Q

iris

A

the colored portion of the eye

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26
Q

lens

A

curved, transparent structure that serves to provide additional focus

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27
Q

fovea

A

small indentation in the back of the eye, contains photo receptor cells

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28
Q

retina

A

light-sensitive lining of the eye

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29
Q

photo receptor cells

A

light detecting cells (cones)

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30
Q

cones

A

specialized types of photo receptors that work best in bright light conditions

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31
Q

rods

A

specialized types of photo receptor that work well in low light conditions, involved in perception of movement on periphery of visual field

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32
Q

optic nerve

A

carries visual information from the retina to the brain

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33
Q

blind spot

A

even when light from a small object is focused on the blind spot, we do not see it

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34
Q

optic chiasm

A

information from the right visual field is sent to the left side of the brain & vice vesa

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35
Q

“what pathway”

A

involved in object recognition & identification

36
Q

“when/how pathway”

A

involved with location in space & how one might interact with a particular visual stimulus

37
Q

trichomatic theory of color vision

A

all colors in the spectrum can be produced by combining red, green, & blue

38
Q

opponent-process theory

A

color is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, & green-red

39
Q

afterimage

A

describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus

40
Q

depth perception

A

ability to perceive spatial relationships in 3D space

41
Q

binocular cues

A

rely on the use of both eye

42
Q

binocular disparity

A

the slightly different view of the world that each of our eyes receives

43
Q

monocular cues

A

cues that require only one eye

44
Q

linear perspective

A

we perceive depth when we see two parallel lines that seem to converge in an image

45
Q

pinna

A

visible part of the ear that protrudes from our heads

46
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum

47
Q

ossicles

A

3 tiny bones in the middle ear

48
Q

cochlea

A

fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells of the auditory system

49
Q

hair cells

A

auditory receptor cells of the inner ear embedded in the basilar membrane

50
Q

basilar membrane

A

thin strip of tissue within the cochlea

51
Q

temporal theory

A

frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron

52
Q

place theory

A

different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies

53
Q

monaural cues

A

one-eared

54
Q

binaural cues

A

two-eared

55
Q

interaural level difference

A

the fact that a sound coming from the right side of your body is more intense at your right ear, due to the attention

56
Q

interaural timing difference

A

the small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear

57
Q

deafness

A

the partial or complete inability to hear

58
Q

congential deafness

A

born without hearing

59
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

a problem delivering sound energy to the cochlea

60
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to brain

61
Q

Meniere’s disease

A

degeneration of the inner ear structures that can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing/buzzing), vertigo (sense of spinning), increased pressure within the inner ear

62
Q

cochlear implants

A

electronic devices that consist of a microphone, speech processor, & electrode array

63
Q

umami

A

a japanese word that roughly translates to yummy, its associated with a taste for monosodium glutamate

64
Q

taste buds

A

formed by groupings of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude into the central pore of the taste bud

65
Q

olfactory receptor

A

located in a mucous membrane, small hair-like extensions from these receptors serve as the sites for odor molecules dissolved in the mucus to interact with chemical receptors located on these extensions

66
Q

olfactory bulb

A

a bulb-like structure at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerve begin

67
Q

meissner’s corpuscles

A

respond to pressure & lower frequency vibrations

68
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

detect transient pressure & higher frequency vibrations

69
Q

merkel’s disk

A

responds to light pressure

70
Q

ruffini corpuscles

A

detect stretch

71
Q

thermoception

A

temperature perception

72
Q

nociception

A

a signal indicating potential harm & maybe pain

73
Q

inflammatory pain

A

signals some type of tissue damage

74
Q

neuropathic pain

A

signals sent to the brain that are exaggerated

75
Q

congenital insensitivity to pain

A

rare genetic disorder, when an individual is born without the ability to feel pain (congenital analgesia)

76
Q

vestibular sense

A

ability to maintain balance & body pressure

77
Q

proprioception

A

perception of body position

78
Q

kinesthesia

A

perception of the body’s movement through space

79
Q

Max wertheimer

A

individuals perceived motion in rapidly flickering static images, his partners, wolfgang kohler & kurt koffka, believed that perception involves more than combining sensory stimuli

80
Q

gestalt psychology

A

the whole is different from the sum of its parts

81
Q

figure-ground relationship

A

we segment our visual world into figure & ground

82
Q

proximity

A

things that are close to one another tend to be grouped together

83
Q

similarity

A

things that are alike tend to be grouped together

84
Q

continuity

A

we are more likely to perceive continuous, smooth flowing lines rather than broken lines (good continuation)

85
Q

principle of closure

A

we organize our perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts

86
Q

pattern perception

A

our ability to discriminate among different figures & shapes

87
Q

perceptual hypothesis

A

educated guesses that we make while interpreting sensory information

psychology (5 decks)

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