Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psychology > psych chapter 2 > Flashcards

psych chapter 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

scientific knowledge is empirical because -

A

it is grounded in objective tangible evidence that can be observed time & time again, regardless of who is observing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

preeminent first-generation psychologist opposed the behavioral movement, conducted research into memory, established experimental psych labs in the US, first female president of the APA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Horatio Pinero

A

founded first experimental psych labs in South Africa & two in Buenos Aires, Argentia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gunamudian David Boaz & Narendra Nath Sen Gupta

A

established first independent departments of psych at University of Madras & Calcutta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

deductive reasoning

A

ideas are tested in the real world; begins with a hypothesis (empirically tested) used to reach logical conclusions about the real world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

inductive reasoning

A

real-world observations lead to new ideas; empirical observations construct broad generalizations, formulating theories that turn into hypotheses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

theory

A

a well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena (repeatedly checked)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hypothesis

A

a testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct (if-then statement), specific ideas so the theory can be modified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

James-Lange theory

A

of emotion asserts that emotional experience relies on the physiological arousal associated with the emotional state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

falsifiable

A

capable of being shown to be incorrect, scientist’s dependence on this = great confidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Krista & Tatiana Hogan

A

Candian conjoined twins, brain connected through the thalamus (major sensory relay center), information passes through before reaching the cerebral cortex for processing. This means there is a potential connection for one twin to experience the sensations of the other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

clinical/case studies

A

when they focus on one person or just a few individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

generalizing

A

refers to the ability to apply the findings of a particular research project to larger segments of society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing behavior in its natural setting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Suzanne Fanger

A

Observed the behavior of preschool children on a playground to better understand peer exclusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Jane Goodall

A

Anthropologists observed the behaviors of chimpanzees and received criticism due to naming the chimps.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

structured observation

A

observed while engaging in set/specific tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

The strange situation is used to evaluate attachment styles that exist between an infant and caregiver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

observer bias

A

people who act as observers are closely involved in the project and can unconsciously skew the observations to fit the goals or expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

inter-rater reliability

A

a measure of reliability that assesses the consistency of observations by different observers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

surveys

A

lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper and pencil questionaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

sample

A

a subset of individuals selected from a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

populations

A

the overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in

24
Q

mode

A

most frequently occurring response

25
Q

median

A

lies at the middle of a data set

26
Q

mean

A

arithmetic average of all data points (most useful)

27
Q

archival research

A

using records and parts research to look for interesting patterns or relationships

28
Q

longitudinal research

A

research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time (same groups of people over time)

29
Q

cross-sectional research

A

the research compares multiple segments of the population at the same time (different generations of people)

30
Q

attrition

A

reduction in the number of research participants due to dropouts

31
Q

correlation

A

there is a relationship between two or more variables, but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect

32
Q

correlation coefficient

A

a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between variables (represented by the letter r)

33
Q

positive correlation

A

the variables move in the same direction

34
Q

negative correlation

A

the variables move in opposite directions

35
Q

confounding variable

A

actually causing the systemic movement in our variables of intrest

36
Q

illusory correlations

A

false correlations, occur when people believe that relationships exist between 2 things when no such relation exists

37
Q

confirmation bias

A

looks for evidence to support a hunch, while ignoring evidence that tells the hunch is false

38
Q

operational definition

A

a precise description of out variables and it is important in allowing others to understand exactly how and what a researcher measures in a particular experiment

39
Q

experimenter bias

A

the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study

40
Q

single-blind study

A

one of the groups (participants) is unaware as to which group they are in (experimental or control) while the researcher who developed the experiment knows which participants are in each group

41
Q

double-blind study

A

both researchers and participants are blind to group assignments

42
Q

placebo effect

A

occurs when people’s expectations influence their experience in a given situation

43
Q

independent variable

A

manipulated or controlled by the experimenter

44
Q

dependant variable

A

measurement of effect the independent variable had

45
Q

participants

A

subjects of psychological research that actively participate in the process

46
Q

random sample

A

subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

47
Q

random assignment

A

all participants have equal chance of being assigned to either group

48
Q

statistical analysis

A

determines how likely any difference found is due to chance

49
Q

peer-reviewed journal articles

A

aimed at an audience of professionals and scholars who are actively involved in research themselves

50
Q

replicate

A

repeat the experiment using different samples to determine reliability

51
Q

reliability

A

the ability to consistently produce a given result

52
Q

validity

A

the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure

53
Q

institutional review board (IRB)

A

committee of individuals often made up of members of the institution’s administration, scientists and community members

54
Q

informed consent

A

provides a written description of what participants can expect during the experiment, including potential risks and implications of the research

55
Q

deception

A

purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment, never to the point of harmfulness

56
Q

debriefing

A

complete, honest information about the purpose of the experiment, how te data will be used, why deception was necessary, how to obtain more information about the study

57
Q

institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)

A

institutional administrators, scientists, veterinarians and community members

psychology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions