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psych chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

sickle-cell anemia

A

a genetic condition in which red blood cells, which are normally round take on a crescent-like shape

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2
Q

Luwi and Sena

A

Sisters, Luwi carries the sickle-cell gene and Sena does not. Carriers have one copy of the gene, but don’t have full blown sickle-cell anemia. One copy of the gene immune to malaria, two copies of the gene not immune.

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3
Q

theory of natural selection

A

organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their enviornment will die off

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4
Q

genetic variation

A

the genetic difference between individuals

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5
Q

chromosomes

A

long strings of genetic material known as DNA

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6
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

helix-shaped molecule made up of nucleotide base paris

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7
Q

genes

A

control a number of visible characterists

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8
Q

allele

A

specific version of a gene

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9
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of that individual

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10
Q

phenotype

A

the individuals inherited physical characteristics

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11
Q

dominant allele

A

either from 1 or both parents, result in the phenotype associated witht th edominant allele

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12
Q

homozygous

A

2 copies of the same allele

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13
Q

heterozygous

A

combination of alleles for a given gene

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14
Q

recessive allele

A

homozygous

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15
Q

polygenic

A

controlled by more than one gene

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16
Q

mutation

A

a sudden, permanent change in a gene

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17
Q

range of reaction

A

asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall

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18
Q

genetic environmental correlation

A

our genes influence our environment and our environment influences the expression of our genes

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19
Q

epigenetics

A

study how the same genotype can lead to very different phenotypes

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20
Q

nervous system

A

2 cell types; glial and neurons

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21
Q

glial cells

A

supportive to neruons, helps with communication, provides insulation, transportaion and mediate immune responses

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22
Q

neurons

A

interconnected information processors that are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system

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23
Q

semipermeable membrane

A

allows smaller and non electrical charges to pass through while blocking higher charged and larger molecules

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24
Q

soma

A

cell body

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25
Q

dendrites

A

branching extensions, input site; signals from other neurons

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26
Q

axon

A

where signals are transmitter across soma and down a major extension

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27
Q

terminal buttons

A

synaptic vesicles that house neurotransmitters (chemical messengers)

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28
Q

myelin sheath

A

coats axon and acts as an insulator (fatty substance)

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29
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in myelin sheath

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30
Q

synaptic cleft

A

small space between neurons, communication occurs

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31
Q

receptors

A

proteins on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach

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32
Q

membrane potential

A

provides energy for the signal

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33
Q

resting potential

A

membrane’s potential in state of readiness

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34
Q

threshold of excitation

A

neuron becomes active and the action potential begins

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35
Q

action potential

A

electrical signal moves from cell body down axon to axon terminal

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36
Q

reuptake

A

neurotransmitters being pumped back into the neuron that released ir

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37
Q

psychotropic medications

A

drugs that trest psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitters balance

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38
Q

agonists

A

chemicals that mimic a neurotransmitter at the receptor site

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39
Q

antagonist

A

blocks/impedes normal activity of neurotransmitters at receptors

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40
Q

nervous system

A

communication network that takes in information from the world and the body’s tissues, makes decisions and sends back information

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41
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

42
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

sensory and moter neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

43
Q

nerves

A

bundled axons, neural cables, CNS with muscles, glands and sense organs

44
Q

somatic

A

enables voluntary control of our skeletal muscles

45
Q

autonomic

A

controls glands and interal organ muscles

46
Q

sympathetic NS

A

arouses and expands energy (“fight or flight”)

47
Q

parasympathetic NS

A

calms the body and conserves energy

48
Q

homeostasis

A

steady internal state through both systems working together (balance)

49
Q

motor neurons

A

carrying instructions from the CNS, muslce, efferent fibers (“moving away from”)

50
Q

sensory neurons

A

carrying sensroy information to the CNS ,afferent fibers (“moving towards”)

51
Q

Bob Woodruff

A

ABC reporter, tramatic brain injury from bomb explosion, deflicits and difficulties with memory and language, over time with intensive cognative and speech therapy he made recovery.

52
Q

neuroplasticity

A

how the nervous system can change and adapt

53
Q

cerebral cortex

A

surface of the brain

54
Q

longitudinal tissue

A

most prominent sulcus and seperates the brain in 2 hemispheres

55
Q

lateralization

A

specialization of function in each hemisphere

56
Q

Michael Gazzangia

A

Research on lateralization, functions ranging from cause and effect, self-recognition and suggestions some degreee of hemisphere dominance.

57
Q

corpus callosum

A

thick band of neural fibers, 200 million axons

58
Q

Theona

A

62 year old women, suffered a stroke, experiences behavorial changes.

59
Q

forebrain

A

largest part of the brain (hemispheres in cerebral cortex = part)

60
Q

frontal lobe

A

forward part of the brain; involved in reasoning, motor control,emotion and language

61
Q

motor cortex

A

planning and coordinating movement

62
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

higher-level cognitive functioning

63
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

higher-level cognitive functioning

64
Q

Broca’s area

A

essential for language production

65
Q

Padma

A

Suffered damage to Broca’s area: can read, follow directions and perform tasks, but cannot verbally respond and speak despite nothing being physically wrong with her mouth and vocal cords.

66
Q

Phineas Gage

A

An iron rod was tempered and exploded in his face going through his skull. He was still conscious, walked, and spoke directly after. Following the accident, his personality changed drastically.

67
Q

parietal lobe

A

processes information from the body’s sense, located immediately behind the front lobe

68
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

processes sensory information

69
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

processes sensory information

70
Q

temporal lobe

A

associated with hearing, memory, emotion and some aspects of language (side of the head)

71
Q

auditory cortex

A

responsible for processing auditory information (located within the temporal lobe)

72
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

speech comprehension (within the temporal lobe)

73
Q

occipital lobe

A

interprets incoming visual information, primary visual cortex located at the very back of the brain

74
Q

thalamus

A

a sensory relay for the brain

75
Q

limbic system

A

processes both emotion and memory

76
Q

hippocampus

A

structure for learning and memory

77
Q

amygdala

A

involved in our experience of emotion and in tying emotional meaning to our memories

78
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates homeostasis processes, including the regulation of the body temperature, appetite and blood pressure

79
Q

Henry Gustav Molaison

A

27-year-old who experienced severe seizures

80
Q

midbrain

A

structures located deep within the brain, between forebrain and hindbrain

81
Q

reticular formation

A

centered in midbrain, extends into forebrain and hindbrain

82
Q

substania nigra and ventral tegmental area

A

located in midbrain

83
Q

hindbrain

A

at the back of the head, looks like and extension of the spinal cord

84
Q

medulla

A

controls automatic processes of the nervous system

85
Q

pons

A

connects the hindbrain to the rest of the brain

86
Q

cerebellum

A

receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement and motor skills

87
Q

computerized tomography scan

A

takes a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person’s body or brain

88
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

creates pictures of the living, active brain

89
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

inside a machine generating a strong magnetic field, when on it causes hydrogen atoms emit electromagnetic signals

90
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

inside a machine generating a strong magnetic field, when on it causes hydrogen atoms to emit electromagnetic signals

91
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

inside a machine generating a strong magnetic field, when on it causes hydrogen atoms to emit electromagnetic signals

92
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

provides measure of brain’s electrical activity

93
Q

endocrine system

A

a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones

94
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that bind to a receptor to send their signal

95
Q

pituitary gland

A

its messenger hormones control all the other glands in the endocrine system

96
Q

thyroid gland

A

releases hormones that regulate growth, metabolism and appetite

97
Q

Grave’s disease

A

thyroid secretes too much thyroxine and agitation, bulging eyes and weight loss

98
Q

hypothyroidism

A

reduced hormone levels, tiredness and feeling cold

99
Q

adrenal glands

A

secrete hormones involved in stress response (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

100
Q

pancreas

A

internal organ secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar levels (essential for stable levels)

psychology (5 decks)

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