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psychology > psych chapter 4 > Flashcards

psych chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

consciousness

A

describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli

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2
Q

sleep

A

is a state marked by relatively low level of physical activity & reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

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3
Q

wakefulness

A

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought and behavior

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4
Q

biological rhythms

A

internal rhythms of biological activity

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5
Q

circadian rhythm

A

biological rhythm that takes place over about 24 hours

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6
Q

homeostasis

A

the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

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7
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

area of the hypothalamus in which the body biological clock is located

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8
Q

melatonin

A

hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle

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9
Q

pineal gland

A

an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin (stimulated by darkness & inhibited by light)

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10
Q

sleep regulation

A

the brain’s control of switching between sleep & wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world

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11
Q

jet lag

A

collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles & our environment

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12
Q

insomnia

A

a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month’s time

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13
Q

rotating shift work

A

a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis

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14
Q

sleep debt

A

does not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis

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15
Q

meta-analysis

A

a study that combines the results of many related studies

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16
Q

sleep rebound

A

that fact that a sleep-deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep

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17
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior & cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection

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18
Q

beta waves

A

dominated activity while awake, highest frequency & lowest amplitude shows more variability

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19
Q

frequency

A

how many brain waves occur per second (Hz)

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20
Q

amplitude

A

height of the brain wave

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21
Q

Rapid eye movement (REM)

A

characterized by darting movements of the eye under closed eyelids (similar to brain waves during wakefulness)

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22
Q

non-REM (NREM)

A

sleep is subdivided into 3 distinguished stages from each other & from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves

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23
Q

stage 1 sleep

A

a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness & sleep

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24
Q

alpha waves

A

early portion of stage 1 sleep, low frequency & high amplitude

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25
Q

theta waves

A

even lower frequency & higher amplitude

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26
Q

stage 2 sleep

A

the body goes into a state of deep relaxation

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27
Q

sleep spindles

A

rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning & memory

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28
Q

K-complex

A

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli

29
Q

NREM stage 3 sleep

A

deep sleep, characterized by low frequency & high amplitude delta waves

30
Q

delta waves

A

lowest frequency & highest amplitude of our sleeping brain waves

31
Q

manifest content

A

actual content, storyline of a dream

32
Q

latent content

A

the hidden meaning of a dream

33
Q

Carl Jung

A

Swiss psychiatrist, believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious.

34
Q

collective unconscious

A

theoretical repositing of information he believed to be shared by everyone

35
Q

Rosalind Cartwright

A

Dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer.

36
Q

Alan Hobson

A

Credited for developing activism-synthesis theory of dreaming.

37
Q

lucid dreaming

A

dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state

38
Q

insomnia

A

consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep

39
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy

A

psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes, and problem behaviors

40
Q

parasomnia

A

one group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and experiences during sleep play a role

41
Q

sleepwalking

A

somnambulism, sleep engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving a car

42
Q

RBD (REM sleep behavior disorder)

A

occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with REM sleep phase does not occur

43
Q

restless leg syndrome

A

uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep

44
Q

night terrors

A

result in a sense of panic in the sufferer & are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment

45
Q

sleep apnea

A

defined by episodes during which a sleeper’s breathing stops

46
Q

obstructive sleep apnea

A

when an individual’s airway is blocked during sleep

47
Q

central sleep apnea

A

disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing

48
Q

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

A

mask that fits over the nose & mouth, connected to a pump that forces air into the airway

49
Q

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

an infant stops breathing during sleep & dies

50
Q

narcolepsy

A

cannot resit falling asleep at inappropriate times

51
Q

cataplexy

A

lack of muscle tone/weakness

52
Q

physical dependence

A

involves changes in normal bodily functions - the user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of the use

53
Q

psychological dependence

A

has an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug & may use the drug to relieve psychological distress

54
Q

tolerance

A

linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower rates

55
Q

withdrawal

A

includes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

56
Q

depressant

A

a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity

57
Q

stimulants

A

drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity

58
Q

methamphetamine

A

a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available

59
Q

euphoric high

A

feelings of intense elation & pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection of smoking

60
Q

Kromann & Nielson

A

2012, case study on a woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine

61
Q

opioids

A

a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, codeine

62
Q

opiates

A

derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant

63
Q

methadone

A

a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin & similar drugs

64
Q

methadone clinics

A

help people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone

65
Q

codeine

A

opioid with relatively low potency

66
Q

hallucinogen

A

one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory & perceptual experiences

67
Q

hypnosis

A

a state of extreme self-focus & attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

68
Q

meditation

A

the act of focusing on a single target to increase awareness of the moment

psychology (5 decks)

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