psych chapter 10 REVIEW Flashcards
study review
The study of how behaviour changes over time is called:
developmental psychology
the (blank) fallacy is the assumption that because one event happened before another event, the two events are causally related
post hoc fallacy
in a (blank) design, researchers obtain a “snapshot” of people of different ages at a single point in time
cross-sectional
research shows that most children are/aren’t remarkably resilient and capable of withstanding stress?
are
many studies of human development are subject to a (blank), making it difficult to identify the relative effects of genes and environment
confound
both (blank), our genetic endowment and (blank), the environments we encounter, play powerful roles in shaping our development
nature; nurture
early in pregnancy, a ball of identical cells that hasn’t yet taken on any specific function is called the (blank)
blastocyst
the embryo becomes a (blank) once the major organs are established and the heart has begun to beat
fetus
environmental factors that can have a negative effect on prenatal development are called
teratogens
the (blank) point at which infants can typically survive on their own is 25 weeks, but a full term baby is born at (blank) weeks
viability; 40
children rely on (blank) as they learn how to coordinate their movements in order to reach or crawl
motor behaviours `
how do child-rearing practices in other cultures (such as swaddling in Peru), compared with those in Canada, affect children’s short and long term motor development
Cultural variability in practices influences rates of motor development, none of these early physical experiences result in long term advantages or impairments
sexual maturation includes changes in (blank), such as the reproductive organs and genitals, and (blank) such as breast enlargement in girls and deepening voices in boys
primary sex characteristics; secondary sex characteristics
some aspects of physical decline may be related to decreasing (blank) capacities
sensory
research suggests that women in menopause are (more/no more) prone to depression than women at other phases of life
no more
according to piaget, when children can no longer use (blank) to absorb a new experience into their current knowledge structures, they will engage in (blank) by altering an existing belief to make it more compatible with the new experience
assimilation; accomodation
modern research suggests that cognitive development is (less/more) continuous and (less/more) general than piaget theorized
more; less
whereas piaget emphasized children’s exploration of the physical world, vygotsky believed that (blank) and (blank) factors were children’s primary source of learning
social; cultural
Vygotsky identified the zone of (blank) as the phase a child is receptive to learning a new skill and can make use of (blank), the structure provided by parents to aid the child’s learning
proximal development; scaffolding
Work by renee baillageon shows that infants (do/don’t) have a basic understanding of the physics of an object’s behaviour
do
a classic test of (blank) is the false-belief task, which examines children’s ability to reason about what other people know or believe
theory of mind
according to David Elkind, adolescent behavioural problems stem in part from what he termed the (blank), teenagers’ feelings of profound uniqueness and of living out a story that others are watching
personal fable
William perry noted that students pass through a variety of (blank) or perspectives, on knowledge during their university or college years as they discover that their professors have few absolute answers to offer
positions
usually starting at 8 or 9 months, babies can develop (blank), which may be an adaptive mechanism for keeping infants away from danger
stranger anxiety
Lorenz showed that newborn goslings bonded to the first moving thing that saw, a phenomenon called
imprinting
research suggests that specific parenting styles may not matter so much as whether the parent can provide the (blank) environment
35) average expectable
erikson coined the term (blank) to describe the confusion that most adolescents experience regarding their sense of self
identity crisis
according to erikson’s theory of human development, we travel through (blank) stages and we face a different (blank) crises at each stage
eight; psychosocial
kohlberg studied the development of (blank) by scoring the (blank) people used as they wrestled with a moral dilemma
morality; reasoning processes
one of the biggest transitions an adult can go through is becoming a ____________
parent
a 65-year-old person who is in excellent health and top physical condition may have a (blank) of 45 years old
biological age
