psych chapter 10 REVIEW

Question 1

The study of how behaviour changes over time is called:

Answer 1

developmental psychology

Question 2

the (blank) fallacy is the assumption that because one event happened before another event, the two events are causally related

Answer 2

post hoc fallacy

Question 3

in a (blank) design, researchers obtain a “snapshot” of people of different ages at a single point in time

Answer 3

cross-sectional

Question 4

research shows that most children are/aren’t remarkably resilient and capable of withstanding stress?

Answer 4

are

Question 5

many studies of human development are subject to a (blank), making it difficult to identify the relative effects of genes and environment

Answer 5

confound

Question 6

both (blank), our genetic endowment and (blank), the environments we encounter, play powerful roles in shaping our development

Answer 6

nature; nurture

Question 7

early in pregnancy, a ball of identical cells that hasn’t yet taken on any specific function is called the (blank)

Answer 7

blastocyst

Question 8

the embryo becomes a (blank) once the major organs are established and the heart has begun to beat

Answer 8

fetus

Question 9

environmental factors that can have a negative effect on prenatal development are called

Answer 9

teratogens

Question 10

the (blank) point at which infants can typically survive on their own is 25 weeks, but a full term baby is born at (blank) weeks

Answer 10

viability; 40

Question 11

children rely on (blank) as they learn how to coordinate their movements in order to reach or crawl

Answer 11

motor behaviours `

Question 12

how do child-rearing practices in other cultures (such as swaddling in Peru), compared with those in Canada, affect children’s short and long term motor development

Answer 12

Cultural variability in practices influences rates of motor development, none of these early physical experiences result in long term advantages or impairments

Question 13

sexual maturation includes changes in (blank), such as the reproductive organs and genitals, and (blank) such as breast enlargement in girls and deepening voices in boys

Answer 13

primary sex characteristics; secondary sex characteristics

Question 14

some aspects of physical decline may be related to decreasing (blank) capacities

Answer 14

sensory

Question 15

research suggests that women in menopause are (more/no more) prone to depression than women at other phases of life

Answer 15

no more

Question 16

according to piaget, when children can no longer use (blank) to absorb a new experience into their current knowledge structures, they will engage in (blank) by altering an existing belief to make it more compatible with the new experience

Answer 16

assimilation; accomodation

Question 17

modern research suggests that cognitive development is (less/more) continuous and (less/more) general than piaget theorized

Answer 17

more; less

Question 18

whereas piaget emphasized children’s exploration of the physical world, vygotsky believed that (blank) and (blank) factors were children’s primary source of learning

Answer 18

social; cultural

Question 19

Vygotsky identified the zone of (blank) as the phase a child is receptive to learning a new skill and can make use of (blank), the structure provided by parents to aid the child’s learning

Answer 19

proximal development; scaffolding

Question 20

Work by renee baillageon shows that infants (do/don’t) have a basic understanding of the physics of an object’s behaviour

Answer 20

do

Question 21

a classic test of (blank) is the false-belief task, which examines children’s ability to reason about what other people know or believe

Answer 21

theory of mind

Question 22

according to David Elkind, adolescent behavioural problems stem in part from what he termed the (blank), teenagers’ feelings of profound uniqueness and of living out a story that others are watching

Answer 22

personal fable

Question 23

William perry noted that students pass through a variety of (blank) or perspectives, on knowledge during their university or college years as they discover that their professors have few absolute answers to offer

Answer 23

positions

Question 23

usually starting at 8 or 9 months, babies can develop (blank), which may be an adaptive mechanism for keeping infants away from danger

Answer 23

stranger anxiety

Question 24

Lorenz showed that newborn goslings bonded to the first moving thing that saw, a phenomenon called

Answer 24

imprinting

Question 25

research suggests that specific parenting styles may not matter so much as whether the parent can provide the (blank) environment

Answer 25

35) average expectable

Question 26

erikson coined the term (blank) to describe the confusion that most adolescents experience regarding their sense of self

Answer 26

identity crisis

Question 27

according to erikson’s theory of human development, we travel through (blank) stages and we face a different (blank) crises at each stage

Answer 27

eight; psychosocial

Question 28

kohlberg studied the development of (blank) by scoring the (blank) people used as they wrestled with a moral dilemma

Answer 28

morality; reasoning processes

Question 29

one of the biggest transitions an adult can go through is becoming a ____________

Answer 29

parent

Question 30

a 65-year-old person who is in excellent health and top physical condition may have a (blank) of 45 years old

Answer 30

biological age