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psych 101 > Chapter 14 Psych > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

name the major influences on personality (as discussed by behaviour geneticists)

A

genetic factors, shared environmental factors, non-shared environmental factors

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2
Q

______________ influences make individuals within the same family less alike

A

non-shared environmental

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3
Q

to distinguish the effects of genes from the effects of environment, behaviour geneticists have conducted __________ studies of personality

A

Twin

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4
Q

if the heritability of personality were 1.0, then correlations of personality traits in identical twins would be _____

A

1.0

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5
Q

the minnesota twins study found that identical twins reared apart tend to be strikingly (similar/dissimilar) in their personality

A

similar

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6
Q

according the the minnesota twins study, a _________ environment plays little to no role in adult personality

A

shared

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7
Q

adoption studies permit investigators to separate the effects of _________ and ____________ by comparing adopted children’s similarities to their adoptive versus biological parents

A

genes and environment

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8
Q

in one adoption study of sociability conducted in texas, the correlations between biological parents and their adopted-away children were slightly (lower/higher) than the correlations between adoptive parents and their adopted children

A

higher

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9
Q

how would you challenge the notion that a specific gene exists for divorce, religiosity or political attitudes?

A

genes code for protein.
not specific behaviours or attitudes. its far more likely that genes influence attitudes and behaviours in a highly indirect fashion.

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10
Q

in an attempt to identify which genes are associated with specific personality traits, some researchers have turned to _______________ studies, but the findings of these studies have often not been replicated

A

molecular genetic studies

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11
Q

Freudians believe in ________________, the assumption that all psychological events have a cause

A

psychic determinism

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12
Q

The _____, according to Freud, is the reservoir of our most primitive impulses (like sex and aggression), whereas the ______ is the psyche’s executive and principal decision maker

A

id, super ego

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13
Q

Freud hypothesized that _________ results from conflicts among the id, ego, and superego

A

personality

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14
Q

Freud believed that the ego maintains psychological health by engaging in ______________, unconscious manoeuvers intended to minimize anxiety

A

defence mechanisms

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15
Q

what is the appropriate range for the Oral stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development

A

birth to 12-18 months

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16
Q

what is the appropriate range for the Anal stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development

A

18 months to 3 years

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17
Q

what is the appropriate range for the Phallic stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development

A

3 to 6 years

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18
Q

what is the appropriate range for the latency stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development

A

6 to 12 years

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19
Q

what is the appropriate range for the genital stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development

A

final stage, 12 years and up

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20
Q

the conflict during Freud’s phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals is termed the _____________________

A

Oedipus complex

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21
Q

recent research has shown that many aspects of freud’s psychoanalytic theory (are/aren’t) supported when scientific standards, such as falsifiability are applied

A

aren’t

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22
Q

there is increasing reason to doubt the existence of the ________ as Freud conceived of it, namely as a “place” where sexual and aggressive energies, along with repressed memories, are housed

A

unconscious

23
Q

according to alfred alder, the principal motive in human personality is not sex or aggression, but the ________________

A

striving for superiority

24
Q

radical behaviorists like Skinner believe that our personalities largely stem from differences in our learning ___________

A

histories

25
Q

radical behaviorists believe that personality (causes/ consists of) behaviours

A

consists of

26
Q

one of the few things on which Freud and Skinner would have agreed is the concept of __________, the belief that all of our actions are products of preexisting causal influences

A

determinism

27
Q

Unlike Skinner, social learning theorists emphasize __________ as a cause of personality

A

thinking

28
Q

Albert Bandura made a compelling case for ___________, a form of causation whereby personality and cognitive factors, behaviour, and environmental variables mutually influence one another

A

reciprocal determinism

29
Q

social learning theorists claim that observational learning plays a powerful role in adult personality is subject to criticism because it implies that ____________ plays a casual role.

A

shared environment

30
Q

humanistic psychologists rejected the determinism of psychoanalysts and behaviourists and embraced the notion of _____________

A

free will

31
Q

Freudians would say that widespread self-actualization would be (disastrous/helpful) for society

A

disastrous

32
Q

Carl Rogers, pioneer of humanistic psychology, held an (optimistic/pessimistic) view of human nature

A

optimistic

33
Q

____________ occurs when our personalities are inconsistent with our innate dispositions

A

incongruence

34
Q

maslow studies self-actualizated people and found that they were prone to ____________, transcendent moments of intense excitement

A

peak experiences

35
Q

investigators in _________________, the branch of psychology that compares behaviour across species, have challenged Roger’s claim that human nature is entirely positive

A

comparative psychology

36
Q

critics argue that actualization of our full genetic potential is (likely/unlikely) to bring about the state of bliss that Rogers imagined

A

unlikely

37
Q

Maslow may have fallen prey to ____________ because he limited his study to individuals who displayed the traits he hypothesized were associated with self-actualized people

A

confirmation bais

38
Q

trait theorists are interested primarily in describing and understanding the ______ of personality

A

structure

39
Q

a statistical technique called ___________ analyzes the correlation among responses on personality inventories

A

factor analysis

40
Q

a group of traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures is known as the ___________

A

big five

41
Q

using the acronym OCEAN as a mnemonic device, the traits in the group are:

A

openness to experiences, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

42
Q

in studying cultural influences on personality, researchers have found that ______________ doesn’t emerge clearly in all cultures

A

openness to experiences

43
Q

Mischel’s review suggested that people’s behaviours (are/aren’t) very consistent across different situations

A

aren’t

44
Q

personality traits can be useful predictors of real-world behaviours, but only when they’re __________ across different situations

A

aggregated

45
Q

although the big five do a decent job of capturing personality differences among people, they don’t shed much light on the _________ of these differences

A

origins

46
Q

the ______________ is widely used to assess mental disorders and consists of ten basic scales

A

minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

47
Q

Hathaway and McKinley developed these scales using a(n) _______ method of test construction

A

empirical

48
Q

Many MMPI and MMPI-2 items possess low ________ which refers to the extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring

A

face validity

49
Q

Extensive research (supports/doesn’t support) the reliability of most MMPI-2 scales, as well as their validity for differentiating among mental disorders

A

supports

50
Q

the ________ method of test construction requires that test developers begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization

A

rational/theoretical

51
Q

the ________ hypothesis assumes that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees inevitably project aspects of their personality onto the stimulus

A

projective

52
Q

the widely used _________ test consists of ten symmetrical inkblots and remains scientifically controversial

A

Rorschach Inkblot

53
Q

the tendency of people to endorse high base rate descriptions that apply to almost everyone is called the

A

P.T. Barnum effect

54
Q
A

psych 101 (6 decks)

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