Chapter 14 Psych Flashcards
name the major influences on personality (as discussed by behaviour geneticists)
genetic factors, shared environmental factors, non-shared environmental factors
______________ influences make individuals within the same family less alike
non-shared environmental
to distinguish the effects of genes from the effects of environment, behaviour geneticists have conducted __________ studies of personality
Twin
if the heritability of personality were 1.0, then correlations of personality traits in identical twins would be _____
1.0
the minnesota twins study found that identical twins reared apart tend to be strikingly (similar/dissimilar) in their personality
similar
according the the minnesota twins study, a _________ environment plays little to no role in adult personality
shared
adoption studies permit investigators to separate the effects of _________ and ____________ by comparing adopted children’s similarities to their adoptive versus biological parents
genes and environment
in one adoption study of sociability conducted in texas, the correlations between biological parents and their adopted-away children were slightly (lower/higher) than the correlations between adoptive parents and their adopted children
higher
how would you challenge the notion that a specific gene exists for divorce, religiosity or political attitudes?
genes code for protein.
not specific behaviours or attitudes. its far more likely that genes influence attitudes and behaviours in a highly indirect fashion.
in an attempt to identify which genes are associated with specific personality traits, some researchers have turned to _______________ studies, but the findings of these studies have often not been replicated
molecular genetic studies
Freudians believe in ________________, the assumption that all psychological events have a cause
psychic determinism
The _____, according to Freud, is the reservoir of our most primitive impulses (like sex and aggression), whereas the ______ is the psyche’s executive and principal decision maker
id, super ego
Freud hypothesized that _________ results from conflicts among the id, ego, and superego
personality
Freud believed that the ego maintains psychological health by engaging in ______________, unconscious manoeuvers intended to minimize anxiety
defence mechanisms
what is the appropriate range for the Oral stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development
birth to 12-18 months
what is the appropriate range for the Anal stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development
18 months to 3 years
what is the appropriate range for the Phallic stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development
3 to 6 years
what is the appropriate range for the latency stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development
6 to 12 years
what is the appropriate range for the genital stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development
final stage, 12 years and up
the conflict during Freud’s phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals is termed the _____________________
Oedipus complex
recent research has shown that many aspects of freud’s psychoanalytic theory (are/aren’t) supported when scientific standards, such as falsifiability are applied
aren’t
there is increasing reason to doubt the existence of the ________ as Freud conceived of it, namely as a “place” where sexual and aggressive energies, along with repressed memories, are housed
unconscious
according to alfred alder, the principal motive in human personality is not sex or aggression, but the ________________
striving for superiority
radical behaviorists like Skinner believe that our personalities largely stem from differences in our learning ___________
histories
