Chapter 14 Psych Flashcards
name the major influences on personality (as discussed by behaviour geneticists)
genetic factors, shared environmental factors, non-shared environmental factors
______________ influences make individuals within the same family less alike
non-shared environmental
to distinguish the effects of genes from the effects of environment, behaviour geneticists have conducted __________ studies of personality
Twin
if the heritability of personality were 1.0, then correlations of personality traits in identical twins would be _____
1.0
the minnesota twins study found that identical twins reared apart tend to be strikingly (similar/dissimilar) in their personality
similar
according the the minnesota twins study, a _________ environment plays little to no role in adult personality
shared
adoption studies permit investigators to separate the effects of _________ and ____________ by comparing adopted children’s similarities to their adoptive versus biological parents
genes and environment
in one adoption study of sociability conducted in texas, the correlations between biological parents and their adopted-away children were slightly (lower/higher) than the correlations between adoptive parents and their adopted children
higher
how would you challenge the notion that a specific gene exists for divorce, religiosity or political attitudes?
genes code for protein.
not specific behaviours or attitudes. its far more likely that genes influence attitudes and behaviours in a highly indirect fashion.
in an attempt to identify which genes are associated with specific personality traits, some researchers have turned to _______________ studies, but the findings of these studies have often not been replicated
molecular genetic studies
Freudians believe in ________________, the assumption that all psychological events have a cause
psychic determinism
The _____, according to Freud, is the reservoir of our most primitive impulses (like sex and aggression), whereas the ______ is the psyche’s executive and principal decision maker
id, super ego
Freud hypothesized that _________ results from conflicts among the id, ego, and superego
personality
Freud believed that the ego maintains psychological health by engaging in ______________, unconscious manoeuvers intended to minimize anxiety
defence mechanisms
what is the appropriate range for the Oral stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development
birth to 12-18 months
what is the appropriate range for the Anal stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development
18 months to 3 years
what is the appropriate range for the Phallic stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development
3 to 6 years
what is the appropriate range for the latency stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development
6 to 12 years
what is the appropriate range for the genital stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development
final stage, 12 years and up
the conflict during Freud’s phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals is termed the _____________________
Oedipus complex
recent research has shown that many aspects of freud’s psychoanalytic theory (are/aren’t) supported when scientific standards, such as falsifiability are applied
aren’t
there is increasing reason to doubt the existence of the ________ as Freud conceived of it, namely as a “place” where sexual and aggressive energies, along with repressed memories, are housed
unconscious
according to alfred alder, the principal motive in human personality is not sex or aggression, but the ________________
striving for superiority
radical behaviorists like Skinner believe that our personalities largely stem from differences in our learning ___________
histories
radical behaviorists believe that personality (causes/ consists of) behaviours
consists of
one of the few things on which Freud and Skinner would have agreed is the concept of __________, the belief that all of our actions are products of preexisting causal influences
determinism
Unlike Skinner, social learning theorists emphasize __________ as a cause of personality
thinking
Albert Bandura made a compelling case for ___________, a form of causation whereby personality and cognitive factors, behaviour, and environmental variables mutually influence one another
reciprocal determinism
social learning theorists claim that observational learning plays a powerful role in adult personality is subject to criticism because it implies that ____________ plays a casual role.
shared environment
humanistic psychologists rejected the determinism of psychoanalysts and behaviourists and embraced the notion of _____________
free will
Freudians would say that widespread self-actualization would be (disastrous/helpful) for society
disastrous
Carl Rogers, pioneer of humanistic psychology, held an (optimistic/pessimistic) view of human nature
optimistic
____________ occurs when our personalities are inconsistent with our innate dispositions
incongruence
maslow studies self-actualizated people and found that they were prone to ____________, transcendent moments of intense excitement
peak experiences
investigators in _________________, the branch of psychology that compares behaviour across species, have challenged Roger’s claim that human nature is entirely positive
comparative psychology
critics argue that actualization of our full genetic potential is (likely/unlikely) to bring about the state of bliss that Rogers imagined
unlikely
Maslow may have fallen prey to ____________ because he limited his study to individuals who displayed the traits he hypothesized were associated with self-actualized people
confirmation bais
trait theorists are interested primarily in describing and understanding the ______ of personality
structure
a statistical technique called ___________ analyzes the correlation among responses on personality inventories
factor analysis
a group of traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures is known as the ___________
big five
using the acronym OCEAN as a mnemonic device, the traits in the group are:
openness to experiences, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
in studying cultural influences on personality, researchers have found that ______________ doesn’t emerge clearly in all cultures
openness to experiences
Mischel’s review suggested that people’s behaviours (are/aren’t) very consistent across different situations
aren’t
personality traits can be useful predictors of real-world behaviours, but only when they’re __________ across different situations
aggregated
although the big five do a decent job of capturing personality differences among people, they don’t shed much light on the _________ of these differences
origins
the ______________ is widely used to assess mental disorders and consists of ten basic scales
minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
Hathaway and McKinley developed these scales using a(n) _______ method of test construction
empirical
Many MMPI and MMPI-2 items possess low ________ which refers to the extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring
face validity
Extensive research (supports/doesn’t support) the reliability of most MMPI-2 scales, as well as their validity for differentiating among mental disorders
supports
the ________ method of test construction requires that test developers begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization
rational/theoretical
the ________ hypothesis assumes that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees inevitably project aspects of their personality onto the stimulus
projective
the widely used _________ test consists of ten symmetrical inkblots and remains scientifically controversial
Rorschach Inkblot
the tendency of people to endorse high base rate descriptions that apply to almost everyone is called the
P.T. Barnum effect
