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Term 2 > Psych Ch. 13 > Flashcards

Psych Ch. 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Define social psychology

A

Is the scientific study of how we think about,
influence, and relate to others (or the imagined presence of others)

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2
Q

What do social psychologists do?

A

Use scientific methods to study social behavior (empirical approach)

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3
Q

What are the thee main themes in social psychology?

A

*Social thinking
*Social influence
*Social relations

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4
Q

What are attributions?

A

The reasons we provide for why others do what they do

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5
Q

What is attribution theory?

A

People are motivated to explain their own
and other people’s behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to a situation or a
disposition

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6
Q

What are the two types of attribution?

A

-External/Situational attribution
-Internal/Dispositional attribution

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7
Q

What is external/situational attribution?

A

something in the situation or
environment caused the behavior

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8
Q

What is internal/dispositional attribution?

A

something in the person (e.g., traits
or motive) caused the behavior

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9
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

The tendency, when analyzing others’ behavior, to over-estimate the influence of
personal traits and underestimate the effect of the situation

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10
Q

What is the exception of the FAE

A

*We’re NOT prone to the fundamental
attribution error when explaining our
OWN behavior
*We have something called “self-
serving biases” –habits of thinking
that make us feel good about
ourselves

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11
Q

What is the central route of persuasion?

A

offers evidence and arguments to trigger
thoughtful responses

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12
Q

What is the peripheral route of persuasion

A

uses incidental cues to try to produce fast
but relatively thoughtless changes in
attitudes

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13
Q

What are the two factors of central route persuasion

A

motivation and oppurtunity

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14
Q

Define motivation in using central route of persuasion

A

People will be more likely to process information through the central route when
they are highly motivated, and when they have the knowledge or expertise to understand the information

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15
Q

Define opputunity in using central route persuasion

A

Central route is effective when people have sufficient time and freedom from distraction, and when the information is not overwhelmingly complex relative to their knowledge

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16
Q

When we don’t have time to analyze all the issues, we often use the _________________ by using simple rule-of-thumb heuristics

A

Peripheral route persuasion

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17
Q

What did Leon Festinger come up with?

A

Cognitive dissonance Theory

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18
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

The tension (discomfort) that arises when our
attitudes are inconsistent with our behavior or when we are simultaneously aware of two conflicting attitudes

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19
Q

When does cognitive dissonance impact people

A

When people can’t change their behavior, they’ll often change their attitudes instead to reduce arousal

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20
Q

What is social norms:

A

Written/unwritten guidelines for how to behave in social contexts

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21
Q

Social Roles

A

Specific set of behaviors that are associated with a position in a group

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22
Q

What is comformity?

A

A change in behavior due to the real or
imagined influence of others

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23
Q

What is the chameleon effect?

A

The nonconscious mimicry of the postures, mannerisms, and facial expressions of one’s
interaction partner

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24
Q

Mimicked versus non mimicked tips

A

*Mimicked tipped 81% of time (average = $2.11)
*Non-mimicked tipped 61% of time (average = $1.25)

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25
Q

_____ of the participants
conformed at least once, giving an
answer they knew to be wrong.

A

75%

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26
Q

What is obedience?

A

Social influence in which a person complies
with a direct request

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27
Q

What is obedience to authority

A

to leaders, bosses, parents, police, doctors, experts, teachers…

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28
Q

What was main factor that increased obedience in the Staneey Milgrim experiments.

A

Having an admin shock

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29
Q

What was the main factor that decreased obedience on the stanley milgrim experiment?

A

disobedient leader

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30
Q

What is normative social influence

A

People sometimes conform because they want to be liked or they fear rejection

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31
Q

Informational social influence?

A

But sometimes they also conform to be right: because they believe others know what to do better than they do

32
Q

What are social norms

A

are rules or expectations, written or unwritten, on how people should behave

33
Q

What are social roles

A

are shared expectations by group members how particular people in the group are supposed to behave

34
Q

Internalized of uniform

A

*Power
*Attitudes
*Social perception

35
Q

What is the bystander effect?

A

The greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them will help

36
Q

Why does the bystander effect happen?

A

-diffusion of responsibility

37
Q

What is pluralistic ignorance.

A

A false impression of how others are thinking, feeling, or responding

38
Q

People were more or less likely to report smoke pouring into a room when they were in a group

A

less

39
Q

What is social facilitaiton

A

The presence of others arouses people, improving performance on easy or well-learned tasks but decreasing performance on
difficult tasks

40
Q

What is social loafing?

A

Tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

41
Q

What are the causes of social loafing?

A

*Acting as part of group and feeling less accountable (their individual performance can’t be evaluated)
*Feeling individual contribution does not matter
*Taking advantage when there is lack of identification with the group

42
Q

What is Groupthink?

A

a tendency for all members of a group to
think alike for the sake of harmony and to suppress disagreement

43
Q

Through _____________ people
associate themselves with others and
form groups

A

social identities

44
Q

Define ingroup

A

Social definition of who we are—and are not (outgroup)

45
Q

Define outgroup

A

are people not in our group, who are perceived as different

46
Q

What is ingroup bias?

A

Favoring of our own group

47
Q

What is explicit prejudice?

A

conscious, controlled, effortful

48
Q

What is implicit prejudice?

A

unconscious, automatic, rapid

49
Q

When do we rely on implicit systems?

A

When we lack oppertunity and motivation

50
Q

What is reflexive body language?

A

Unconscious body language

51
Q

What is unconcious patronization?

A

Lower expectations, inflated praise and insufficient criticism for minority student
achievement

52
Q

Define attitude

A

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

53
Q

What is the foot in the door phenomenon?

A

The tendency for people who have agreed to a small request to comply late to a larger request.

54
Q

How does role-playing impact attitides

A

Training people to role play things like torture makes them able to torture with less guilt and remorse

55
Q

What is conformity?

A

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group or standard

56
Q

When are people most likely to conform?

A

-they are made to feel incompetent
-at least three people
-in a group where everyone agrees
-admire the groups status
-not made a prior commitment to a response
-know that others are observing them

57
Q

What is deindividuation?

A

the loss of self awareness and restraint occurring in a group or situation that foster arousal and anonumity (SP)

58
Q

What is group polarization?

A

The enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within a group

59
Q

Define stereotype

A

a generalized (sometimes accurate) belief about a group of people

60
Q

Define discrimination

A

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members

61
Q

What is the just-world phenomenon

A

tendency for people to believe the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

62
Q

What is scapegoat theory?

A

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

63
Q

What is the other-race effect?

A

The tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races.

64
Q

Define aggression

A

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

65
Q

What is the frustration-aggression principle?

A

principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger. which generates aggression

66
Q

Define social script

A

A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

67
Q

What is the mere exposure effect?

A

The tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them

68
Q

define equity

A

a condition where people receive from a relationship in porportion to what they give to it

69
Q

what is self disclosure?

A

act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to otehrs

70
Q

What are the three steps of the bystander effect?

A

-notice
-interpret
-assume responsability

71
Q

What is social exchange theory?

A

Theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is maximize benefit and minimize cost

72
Q

What is the reciprocity norm

A

the expectation that people will help those needing their help

73
Q

What is the social responsibility norm

A

the expectation that people will help those needed their help

74
Q

What is conflict?

A

percieved incompatibility of actions goals or ideas

75
Q

Mirror image perceptions

A

mutual views often held by conflicting parties, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and the other as having destructive behavior

76
Q

What is self fufilling prophecy?

A

a belief that leads to its own fufillment

77
Q

What are superordinate goals?

A

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Term 2 (11 decks)

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