Psych Ch. 11 Flashcards
Define motivation.
An inferred process within a person or animal that causes movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation
Theories of motivation:
An over-arching explanation for why people do the things that they do
What are instincts?
Automatic, involuntary, and unlearned behavior patterns triggered by particular stimuli
What are Fixed-Action Patterns:
An instinctual behavioral sequence that’s relatively invariant within the species
A _____________ is the triggering stimulus – what cues the fixed action pattern
releaser
What is a drive?
A biological trigger that tells us we may be deprived of something and causes us to seek
out what is needed, such as food or water
What is a primary drive?
innate like thirst, hunger, and sex
What is a secondary drive?
needs that have been conditioned to have
meaning like money
What are incentives?
are the stimuli we seek that can satisfy drives such as food, water, social approval, companionship, and other needs
What are drive reduction theories?
-We feel unpleasant tension when we stray from homeostasis (physiological equilibrium)
-We become motivated (driven) to restore that physiological equilibrium (satisfy the need)
An unmet need makes a ________
drive
Motivation was purely studied based on _______ in the 1940s and 50s
Drives
What is arousal theory?
Humans are motivated to engage in behaviors that either increase or decrease arousal levels
High arousal levels motivate engagement in behaviors that will ________ these levels
Low arousal levels motivate activities that can __________ arousal—often through curiosity
lower; increase
Yerkes-Dodson law
Performance increases with arousal only up
to a point, beyond which performance decreases
For simple or well-learned tasks: Performance improves as arousal _________
increases
For complex, unfamiliar, or difficult tasks: the relationship between arousal and performance reverses after a point, and performance declines as _________ increases
arousal
who coined the hierarchy of needs?
Abraham Maslow
Self-Determination Theory proposes that people have three primary motives:
- Autonomy
- Relatedness
- Competence
what is autonomy?
To cause outcomes in your own life—act consistently with your self-concept
To feel connected with others who are important to you—care for others and experience caring
Relatedness
What is competence
To feel mastery over your life - to perform tasks at a satisfying level
intrinsic motivation is also known as
mastery motivation
What is over justification effect
The addition of external motivation
can undermine internal motivation
Self-efficacy:
Confidence that one can plan and execute a
course of action
what is an approach goal?
having a goal in mind you want to accomplish
What is an avoidance goal?
Trying to avoid something (being homeless or something)
Approach-approach conflicts
Conflicts that occur when you are equally attracted to two or more possible goals
Avoidance-avoidance conflicts
Conflicts that require you to choose the lesser of two evils because you dislike both alternatives
Approach-avoidance conflicts
Conflicts that occur when a single activity or goal has both a positive and a negative aspect
What is hunger?
The need to consume enough nutrients so that you have enough energy to function
Ventromedial Hypothalamus:
stimulation reduces eating (“off” switch);
destruction causes overeating
What is the Lateral Hypothalamus?
stimulation increases eating (“on” switch);
destruction reduces eating to starvation level
Three facts about the biology of being overweight?
*Research does not support the idea that people who are overweight are emotionally disturbed
*Heaviness is not always caused by overeating
*Biological mechanisms regulate your body weight and are influenced by genetics
What is a set point?
Genetically influenced weight range for an individual
The set point varies about ____% in each direction
10
Set Point is related to genetically programmed __________________________
basal metabollic rate
Ob gene causes fat cells to secrete a protein called _________ that acts on the hypothalamus and helps to regulate appetite
leptin
biological effects causing us to eat:
*Receptors in nose and mouth that urge us to eat
*Receptors in gut that urge us to stop eating
*Hormone ghrelin makes you hungry
*Leptin turns off appetite
*Sugar activates pleasure-inducing dopamine pathway
____% of women and ____% of men in Canada are obese
26;35
What is social facilitation in eating
Eating more when we’re around other
people –it’s a social activity
What is impression management
eating in order to fit in or not be embarrassed
What is the Minimal eating norm
good manners—at least in some social and
cultural settings—is to eat small amounts
to avoid seeming rude
what is modeling
Eating whatever others eat
What are the four stages of the sex cycle
Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution
How often do men think about sex
Once every hour
How often do women think about sex
Once every hour and a half
What is the number one factor that determines if sex will be enjoyable?
Communication
Better sex results in …
-Men less likely to leave
-Wives more satisfied two years later
-Mens satisfaction fluctuated with frequency of sex
What are the approach/promotions reasoning for sex?
*To feel good
*To share intimacy/be closer with our partner
*To have fun
What are the avoidance/prevention reasons for sex?
*To stop our partner from leaving
*To stop our partner from being upset
*To stop feeling guilty
What is an affliation need?
The need to build relationships and to feel a part of a group
When did the standard for attractiveness change?
in the 60s
What is the number one predicter in bodily attractiveness
low waist to hip ratio
Why is low waist to hit ratio significant in attractiveness?
It shows signs of youth and fertility
When men are hungry they prefer women who weight ______
more
What is the prefered waist to hip ratio
0.7
Do opposites attract?
No
What is the Matching phonomeon
Men and women of similar attractiveness are
drawn to one another
People who score high on attractivness also tend to have ________ standards, and vice versa
high
Men report that they care more about ________________________________ whereas women report the care more for ______________________________________________
physical attractiveness; money and protects
In online dating women are usually less picky than men. true or false?
False
Is online dating or speed dating more successful at setting people up on dates? Why?
Speed dating. More effort it required and people realize there is not an infinate number of possibilities
What happens when you reverse the rotation of speed dating
Women tend to be less selective than before
why do men tend to be less picky?
Societal norms
What is the closing time effect?
Men and women approached at 9, 10:30 or 12 PM to rate attractiveness of people in the bar at the time
How does the menstral cycle impact preference
During ovulation, greater preference for more masculine faces; at other times, more feminine faces
True or false The more in love people are, the less attractive they find others of the opposite sex
true
What are the two main kinds of love
Passionate and companionate
What is passionate love
Aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually at the beginning of a love relationship
What is companionate love
- The feelings of intimacy and affection we feel toward someone with whom our lives are deeply intertwined
- Love characterized by affection and trust
- Can occur in nonsexual relationships such as close friendships and family, or in sexual
relationships where there is a lot of
intimacy but less passion
What were sternbergs three basic types of love
-Intimacy
-Passion
-commitment
What is intimacy?
feelings of being close and bonded
What is passion?
arousal and sexual attraction
What is commitment
short-term commitment to love your partner, long-term to maintain that love and stay with them
What is incentive?
Positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. Need + incentive = drive
What does grehlin do?
Increase appetite
What does leptin do?
Decrease appetite
What is glucose
The form of sugar that circulates the blood and provides the major source of energy and body tissues. When its levels lower we are hungry
How does being with friends or on a date influence our eating
we eat more with friends and less on dates
What is nudging in nutrition
putting the veggies first
Define asexuality
Having no sexual attraction towards others
What is testosterone
the most important male sex hormone, though both men and women have it. Stimulates growth of sex organs in fetal period, and in puberty
What is estrogen
sex hormon found in women that help with the development of sexual organs
Sex hormone functions throughout life
Prenatal: determine sex and development
puberty; maturation of sexual organs and characteristics
adulthood” faciliates sexual behavior
Define refractory period
resting period after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm
Define sexual dysfunction
consistantly impairs sexual arousal or functioning at any point in the sexual response cycle
What is errectile dysfunction
inability to develop or maintain an errectiondue to insufficient blood flow to penis
What is female orgasmic disorder
distress due to infrequently or never experiencing and orgasm
What is female orgasmic disorder normally related to
partner relationship
paraphilias
sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, or urges involving non human objects, the suffering of self or others, and non consenting persons
define affiliation need
the need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group
what is self determination theory
the theory that we feel motivated to satisfy out needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness
What is achievement motivation
A desire for accomplishment, mastery, ideals, control
