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Term 2 > Psych Ch. 11 > Flashcards

Psych Ch. 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Define motivation.

A

An inferred process within a person or animal that causes movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation

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2
Q

Theories of motivation:

A

An over-arching explanation for why people do the things that they do

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3
Q

What are instincts?

A

Automatic, involuntary, and unlearned behavior patterns triggered by particular stimuli

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4
Q

What are Fixed-Action Patterns:

A

An instinctual behavioral sequence that’s relatively invariant within the species

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5
Q

A _____________ is the triggering stimulus – what cues the fixed action pattern

A

releaser

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6
Q

What is a drive?

A

A biological trigger that tells us we may be deprived of something and causes us to seek
out what is needed, such as food or water

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7
Q

What is a primary drive?

A

innate like thirst, hunger, and sex

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8
Q

What is a secondary drive?

A

needs that have been conditioned to have
meaning like money

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9
Q

What are incentives?

A

are the stimuli we seek that can satisfy drives such as food, water, social approval, companionship, and other needs

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10
Q

What are drive reduction theories?

A

-We feel unpleasant tension when we stray from homeostasis (physiological equilibrium)
-We become motivated (driven) to restore that physiological equilibrium (satisfy the need)

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11
Q

An unmet need makes a ________

A

drive

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12
Q

Motivation was purely studied based on _______ in the 1940s and 50s

A

Drives

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13
Q

What is arousal theory?

A

Humans are motivated to engage in behaviors that either increase or decrease arousal levels

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14
Q

High arousal levels motivate engagement in behaviors that will ________ these levels

Low arousal levels motivate activities that can __________ arousal—often through curiosity

A

lower; increase

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15
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

Performance increases with arousal only up
to a point, beyond which performance decreases

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16
Q

For simple or well-learned tasks: Performance improves as arousal _________

A

increases

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17
Q

For complex, unfamiliar, or difficult tasks: the relationship between arousal and performance reverses after a point, and performance declines as _________ increases

A

arousal

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18
Q

who coined the hierarchy of needs?

A

Abraham Maslow

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19
Q

Self-Determination Theory proposes that people have three primary motives:

A
  • Autonomy
  • Relatedness
  • Competence
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20
Q

what is autonomy?

A

To cause outcomes in your own life—act consistently with your self-concept

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21
Q

To feel connected with others who are important to you—care for others and experience caring

A

Relatedness

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22
Q

What is competence

A

To feel mastery over your life - to perform tasks at a satisfying level

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23
Q

intrinsic motivation is also known as

A

mastery motivation

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24
Q

What is over justification effect

A

The addition of external motivation
can undermine internal motivation

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25
Q

Self-efficacy:

A

Confidence that one can plan and execute a
course of action

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26
Q

what is an approach goal?

A

having a goal in mind you want to accomplish

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27
Q

What is an avoidance goal?

A

Trying to avoid something (being homeless or something)

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28
Q

Approach-approach conflicts

A

Conflicts that occur when you are equally attracted to two or more possible goals

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29
Q

Avoidance-avoidance conflicts

A

Conflicts that require you to choose the lesser of two evils because you dislike both alternatives

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30
Q

Approach-avoidance conflicts

A

Conflicts that occur when a single activity or goal has both a positive and a negative aspect

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31
Q

What is hunger?

A

The need to consume enough nutrients so that you have enough energy to function

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32
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus:

A

stimulation reduces eating (“off” switch);
destruction causes overeating

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33
Q

What is the Lateral Hypothalamus?

A

stimulation increases eating (“on” switch);
destruction reduces eating to starvation level

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34
Q

Three facts about the biology of being overweight?

A

*Research does not support the idea that people who are overweight are emotionally disturbed
*Heaviness is not always caused by overeating
*Biological mechanisms regulate your body weight and are influenced by genetics

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35
Q

What is a set point?

A

Genetically influenced weight range for an individual

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36
Q

The set point varies about ____% in each direction

A

10

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37
Q

Set Point is related to genetically programmed __________________________

A

basal metabollic rate

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38
Q

Ob gene causes fat cells to secrete a protein called _________ that acts on the hypothalamus and helps to regulate appetite

A

leptin

39
Q

biological effects causing us to eat:

A

*Receptors in nose and mouth that urge us to eat
*Receptors in gut that urge us to stop eating
*Hormone ghrelin makes you hungry
*Leptin turns off appetite
*Sugar activates pleasure-inducing dopamine pathway

40
Q

____% of women and ____% of men in Canada are obese

A

26;35

41
Q

What is social facilitation in eating

A

Eating more when we’re around other
people –it’s a social activity

42
Q

What is impression management

A

eating in order to fit in or not be embarrassed

43
Q

What is the Minimal eating norm

A

good manners—at least in some social and
cultural settings—is to eat small amounts
to avoid seeming rude

44
Q

what is modeling

A

Eating whatever others eat

45
Q

What are the four stages of the sex cycle

A

Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution

46
Q

How often do men think about sex

A

Once every hour

47
Q

How often do women think about sex

A

Once every hour and a half

48
Q

What is the number one factor that determines if sex will be enjoyable?

A

Communication

49
Q

Better sex results in …

A

-Men less likely to leave
-Wives more satisfied two years later
-Mens satisfaction fluctuated with frequency of sex

50
Q

What are the approach/promotions reasoning for sex?

A

*To feel good
*To share intimacy/be closer with our partner
*To have fun

51
Q

What are the avoidance/prevention reasons for sex?

A

*To stop our partner from leaving
*To stop our partner from being upset
*To stop feeling guilty

52
Q

What is an affliation need?

A

The need to build relationships and to feel a part of a group

53
Q

When did the standard for attractiveness change?

A

in the 60s

54
Q

What is the number one predicter in bodily attractiveness

A

low waist to hip ratio

55
Q

Why is low waist to hit ratio significant in attractiveness?

A

It shows signs of youth and fertility

56
Q

When men are hungry they prefer women who weight ______

A

more

57
Q

What is the prefered waist to hip ratio

A

0.7

58
Q

Do opposites attract?

A

No

59
Q

What is the Matching phonomeon

A

Men and women of similar attractiveness are
drawn to one another

60
Q

People who score high on attractivness also tend to have ________ standards, and vice versa

A

high

61
Q

Men report that they care more about ________________________________ whereas women report the care more for ______________________________________________

A

physical attractiveness; money and protects

62
Q

In online dating women are usually less picky than men. true or false?

A

False

63
Q

Is online dating or speed dating more successful at setting people up on dates? Why?

A

Speed dating. More effort it required and people realize there is not an infinate number of possibilities

64
Q

What happens when you reverse the rotation of speed dating

A

Women tend to be less selective than before

65
Q

why do men tend to be less picky?

A

Societal norms

66
Q

What is the closing time effect?

A

Men and women approached at 9, 10:30 or 12 PM to rate attractiveness of people in the bar at the time

67
Q

How does the menstral cycle impact preference

A

During ovulation, greater preference for more masculine faces; at other times, more feminine faces

68
Q

True or false The more in love people are, the less attractive they find others of the opposite sex

A

true

69
Q

What are the two main kinds of love

A

Passionate and companionate

70
Q

What is passionate love

A

Aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually at the beginning of a love relationship

71
Q

What is companionate love

A
  • The feelings of intimacy and affection we feel toward someone with whom our lives are deeply intertwined
  • Love characterized by affection and trust
  • Can occur in nonsexual relationships such as close friendships and family, or in sexual
    relationships where there is a lot of
    intimacy but less passion
72
Q

What were sternbergs three basic types of love

A

-Intimacy
-Passion
-commitment

73
Q

What is intimacy?

A

feelings of being close and bonded

74
Q

What is passion?

A

arousal and sexual attraction

75
Q

What is commitment

A

short-term commitment to love your partner, long-term to maintain that love and stay with them

76
Q

What is incentive?

A

Positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. Need + incentive = drive

77
Q

What does grehlin do?

A

Increase appetite

78
Q

What does leptin do?

A

Decrease appetite

79
Q

What is glucose

A

The form of sugar that circulates the blood and provides the major source of energy and body tissues. When its levels lower we are hungry

80
Q

How does being with friends or on a date influence our eating

A

we eat more with friends and less on dates

81
Q

What is nudging in nutrition

A

putting the veggies first

82
Q

Define asexuality

A

Having no sexual attraction towards others

83
Q

What is testosterone

A

the most important male sex hormone, though both men and women have it. Stimulates growth of sex organs in fetal period, and in puberty

84
Q

What is estrogen

A

sex hormon found in women that help with the development of sexual organs

85
Q

Sex hormone functions throughout life

A

Prenatal: determine sex and development
puberty; maturation of sexual organs and characteristics
adulthood” faciliates sexual behavior

86
Q

Define refractory period

A

resting period after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm

87
Q

Define sexual dysfunction

A

consistantly impairs sexual arousal or functioning at any point in the sexual response cycle

88
Q

What is errectile dysfunction

A

inability to develop or maintain an errectiondue to insufficient blood flow to penis

89
Q

What is female orgasmic disorder

A

distress due to infrequently or never experiencing and orgasm

90
Q

What is female orgasmic disorder normally related to

A

partner relationship

91
Q

paraphilias

A

sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, or urges involving non human objects, the suffering of self or others, and non consenting persons

92
Q

define affiliation need

A

the need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group

93
Q

what is self determination theory

A

the theory that we feel motivated to satisfy out needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness

94
Q

What is achievement motivation

A

A desire for accomplishment, mastery, ideals, control

Term 2 (11 decks)

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