Psych and Soc II (SIMPLE EDITOR) Flashcards
William James
Founder of American psychology
Believed it was important to study how the mind functioned n adapting to the environment
Early functionalist
Functionalism
The study of how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment
Paul Broca
1st to link functional impairments to specific brain lesions
found Boca’s area - region of brain (on left side) where lesion causes inability to talk
Boca’s area
region of brain on left side; lesion causes inability to talk
Sir Charles Sherrington
1st inferred existence of synapses; mostly correct (but thought it was primarily an electrical process, rather than chemical)
Hermann von Helmutz
first to measure speed of nerve impulse
credited with transition of psych to a natural science
Three kinds of nerve cells in the nervous system
(1) sensory neurons (aka afferent neurons)
(2) interneurons
(3) motor neurons (aka efferent neurons)
Sensory neurons (aka afferent neurons)
transmit sensory info from receptors to spinal cord and brain
Motor neurons (aka efferent neurons)
Transmit info from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
Interneurons
between neurons; most prominent type of nerve cell;
-linked to reflexive behavior (reflex arcs)
Reflex arcs
Allow signals from sensory neurons to go to interneurons, where they will go to BOTH the brain AND the muscle (motor neurons), so the muscle can react even before the signal gets to the brain (so signal doesn’t have to travel up to brain and then back to muscle)
Two components of Peripheral nervous system
(1) Somatic Nervous system = sensory and motor neurons in skin, joints, and muscles
(2) Autonomic Nervous System = regulates involuntary muscles associated with many internal organs
Subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
(1) Sympathetic Nervous System = Fight or flight; activated by stress
(2) Parasympathetic Nervous System = Rest and digest; main role is to conserve energy
Neurotransmitter responsible for parasympathetic responses in the body
acetylcholine
Meninges
Thick sheath of connective tissue covering the brain;
Protects brain and keeps it anchored within the skull; reabsorbs cerobospinal fluid
-composed of 3 layers (in-> out): dura mater -> arcchnoid mater -> pia mater
cerebospinal fluid
the aq soln in which the brain and spinal cord rest
What produces cerebospinal fluid?
Specialized cells that line the ventricles (internal cavities) of the brain
What are the 3 subdivisions of the brain (and functions)?
(1) Hindbrain: Balance, motor coordination, digestion, and general arousal
(2) Midbrain: involuntary reflex responses triggered by visual or auditory stimuli; receives sensory and motor info
(3) Forebrain: complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes
What does the brain develop from?
The Neural Tube - 3 swellings (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain) that turn into a total of 5 swellings
What is the most primitive part of the brain?
The brainstem - which is made up of the hindbrain and forevbrain
Where is language processing, problem solving, etc. (high order processing) in the brain?
Cerebral cortex
Cerebral cortex
Outer covering of cerebral hemisphere;
language processing, problem solving, etc.
Structure of brain: location of basic survival functions vs. more complex functions
basic survival functions = structures at base
more complex functions = structures higher up
Limbic System: what and where in brain
Associated with emotion and memory; in the forebrain
Where is the hindbrain located?
where brain meets spinal cord
Subdivisions of the hindbrain
(1) Myencephalon: becomes the
- medulla oblangata: responsible for regulating heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, etc.
(2) metenchephalon: becomes the
- pons: contains sensory & motor pathways btwn cortex and medulla
- cerebellum: maintains posture and coordinates body movements
Medulla Oblongata: functions
responsible for regulating vital functions (HR, breathing, Blood Pressure, etc.)
Pons: functions
Contains sensory and motor pathways between cortext and medulla
Cerebellum: functions
maintains posture and coordinates body movements
colliculi: what it is and where it is located
- located in the midbrain
- contains:
- superior colliculi = receives visual input
- inferior colliculi = receives sensory input from auditory system and has a role in reflexive reactions to loud noises
The forebrain divides to form the:
- Telenchephalon = forms cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system
- Diencephalon = forms thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and pineal gland
neuropsychology
study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain
cortical maps
show where functions are located in different brain regions
EEG = electroenchpalogram
place electrodes on the scalp and detect and record patterns of electrical activity
regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)
detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain
hypothalamus: functions
- homeostatic functions
- emotional experiences
- primary ANS regulator
- hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior
** Remember the 4 Fs:
Feeding; Fighting; Flighting; (sexual) Functioning
Lateral hypothalamus (LH) functions
triggers eating and drinking
Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) functions
satiety signals to stop eating
Anterior Hypothalamus: functions
sexual behavior
Mnemonic for Hypothalamus parts:
- destroy Lateral Hypothalamus –> Lack Hunger
- destroy Ventromedial Hypothalamus –> Very Hungry
- destroy Anterior Hypothalamus –> Asexual
Posterior pituitary: function
Site of ADH and oxytocin release
Pineal gland function
secretes Melatonin = regulates circadian rhythms
Basal ganglia: functions
coordinate muscle movement:
-receives info from cortex and transmits it to brain/spinal cord
extrapyramidal motor system: function
gathers info about body position and carries the info to the CNS.
Parkinson’s Disease = characterized by ________. Caused by ____
- Characterized by jerky movements and resting tremors
- caused by destruction of portions of the basal ganglia
limbic system function
emotion and memory
septal nuclei = what and where?
Part of limbic system
-contains pleasure release center; addictive behavior
Amygdala = what and where?
Part of limbic system
-fear and aggressive behavior
hippocampus = what and where?
Part of limbic system
- memory and learning; consolidates info to form long term memory
- communicates with other portions of limbic system via fornix = a long projection
Parts of limbic system
- septal nuclei = pleasure center; addictive behavior
- amygdala = fear and aggression
- hippocampus = memory and learning
cerebral cortex
outer surface of brain
Basic makeup of cerebral cortex
- 2 halves (cerebral hemispheres)
- 4 Lobes: F-POT
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Occipital
- Temporal
- Central sulculs divides frontal and parietal lobe
central sulcus
part of cerebral cortex
-divides frontal and parietal lobe
Frontal Lobe: Regions
(1) Prefrontal lobes –> controls impulses and behavior
(2) Motor Cortex –> Voluntary movements
(3) Broca’s Area –> speech production
Prefrontal lobes
Of frontal cortex
-contains the prefrontal cortex = supervisory functions (impulse and behavior control). An association area
motor cortex
Of frontal cortex
- primary motor cortex = initiates voluntary motor movements by sending nerve impulses down spinal cord towards muscles
- located on the precentral gyrus (just in fron of central sulcus
- a projection area
- neurons are arranges systematically based on parts of body connected to
Broca’s Area
Important for speech production
- In frontal cortex
- Usually found only in 1 hemisphere (usually the left)
Association area vs projection area (of brain)
Association area = integrates input from diverse brain regions
Projection area = performs more rudimentary or simple perceptual motor tasks
Somatosensory Cortex
Of parietal lobe
- destination for all incoming sensory signals for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
- located on the postcentral gyrus
Parietal Lobe central region: function
spatial processing and manipulation
Visual Cortex: where in brain
Contained in the occipital lobe
Temporal Lobe function:
Auditory Cortex and Wernicke’s area
Memory processing
Emotion and language
Wernicke’s area
Of temporal lobe
-Language reception and comprehension
The cerebral hemisphere communicates mostly:
-contralaterally or ipsilaterally
Mostly CONTRALATERALLY = one side of brain communicates with opposite side of the body
Dominant hemisphere vs. nondominant hemisphere
Dominant = one stimulated more heavily during language reception and production (usually the left)
- primary analytic functions
- Boca’s Area and Wernicke’s Area primarily driven here
Nondominant = intuition, creativity, music cognition, and spatial processing; can interpret nuances in language (getting emotions, etc.)
stages of visual processing:
Retina -> optic nerve -> thalamus -> primary visual cortex (of occipital lobe)
long term potentiation
the increased likelihood that presynaptic input will trigger an action potential in the postsynaptic nerve
definition (typically) of statistical significance:
p<0.05
The p-value
the statistical probability that a difference between groups occurred due to chance rather than reflecting a true difference
familial aggregation
the clustering of certain traits, behaviors, or disorders within a given family
genetic concordance
the presence of the same trait in both members of a set of individuals (or a pair of twins)
where melatonin is produced
pineal gland
hippocampus
part of limbic system, associated with memory
main function of cerebellum
mainly involved in regulating and controlling muscle activity
flooding
method used to treat phobias through prolonged exposure therapy
dispositional attribution
someone’s internal qualities are used to explain the cause of a situation or event
race vs ethnicity
Race - imposed by society on an individual b/c of the color of their skin (or other aspects of their physical appearance)
____
Ethnicity - tied to an individual’s culture and upbringing
symbolic interaction theory
states that individuals’ behavior is based on meaning and beliefs that are derived from social interactions
Cortisol
- what it is
- how it is released (pathway)
-the “stress Hormone”
_____
-the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) —> signals anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) —> signals adrenal cortex to release cortisol
mirror neurons
neurons that are active when an animal performs an action and also when it sees other animals performing the same action
Working memory
keeps track of multiple pieces of info being used throughout a task
sensory memory
briefly stores incoming sensory info
episodic memory
subtype of shorterm memory, involves recall of specific events and experiences
Hawthorne effect
phenomenon where subjects of a study change their behavior and performance based on the nature of the study
observer-expectancy bias
data collected from a subject is influenced by the expectations of the study observer
stereotype threat
people are or feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group
social desirability bias
response bias that is the tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others
altruism
helping others in one’s social group
- without an expectation of trade or reciprocal action
- usually at a personal cost to the individual performing the behavori
Retroactive vs. proactive interference
Retroactive interference = newly learned info interferes with the retrieval of older info
____
Proactive interference = older memories block the retrieval of more recently formed memoreis
Memory construction
older memories are misremembered with more recent details and experiences
source monitoring
when a memory is attributed to a specific source (whether correct or not)
Hormones typically associated with depression, and schizophrenia
- depression = serotonin (use selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs to treat)
- schizophrenia = dopamine and glutamate
Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion
emotion processing has 3 distinct steps (in order) (1) physiological arousal (2) cognitive interpretation of the situation and (3) the experience of the emotion
James-Langer Theory of Emotion:
behavioral and physiological aspects of emotion (increased HR and shouting, etc.) lead to cognitive aspects of emotion (like understanding that a situation is scary and feeling afraid)
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion:
physiological and cognitive aspects of emotion occur simultaneously and independently
Yerkes-Dodson Law:
people tend to perform their best when they’re moderately emotionally stimulated
internal vs. external validity
Internal validity = how well an experiment establishes a relationship between the independent and dependent variables
nigrostriatial tract network
associated with motor control
limbic system
includes amygdala, is associated with emotion
social impairment
opposite of social facilitation
avoidance conditioning
an operant conditioning procedure, where a subject learns behavior preventing the occurance of an aversive stimulus
five favor model of personality
Openness, conscientousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
-thought to be stable over the course of an individual’s life
Parallel Play
a normal part of the behavior of PRESCHOOL children, where they play by themselves but observe another child playing and adjust their behavior in response. It involves NO DIRECT INTERACTION between the children. As children reach school age, they are more likely to engage in forms of play together
What is socialization
the process of internalizing the social norms and values expected in one’s society
Test Reliability VS validity
Reliability = consistency Validity = Accuracy
functionalism
asserts that aspects of culture are necessary and need based
Self-actualization
a level of high achievement, in which you have done all you can and accomplished your goals to the best of your ability.
Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory
incongruence between beliefs and behaviors guides behavior change (note that in general, cognitive dissonance can ALSO reflect holding two contradictory BELIEFS)
cultural relativism
the principle that a person’s beliefs and health behaviors should be understood in the context of their own culture
mores vs. folkways vs. taboos vs. laws
-Mores = norms that are deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society and have consequences if violated
_____
-Folkways = norms that govern everyday behavior (like holding open a door)
_______
-Taboos = considered unacceptable by almost every culture
______
-Laws = established + written down standards of behavior with very clear consequences
experimental design
different groups of individuals are randomly assigned to different conditions
retrospective cohort design
takes a group of individuals and asks them about their experiences
case control design
compares individuals with a disease to individuals without a disease
longitudinal cohort design
follows a group over a period of time
test-retest bias
can happen when particpants take the same exam over and over again, which affects their responses
Harry Harlow’s Rhesus Monkey Experiments (on Attachment)
- paired monkeys with a cloth mother or a wire mother.
- the monkeys with the wire mother:
- –drank similar amounts of milk and grew at comparable rates
- –sought soothing from their “mothers” at much lower rates
- –their behavior (unhealthy psychological development) could NOT be corrected later in life
- when given a choice, monkeys spent more time holding the Cloth mothers than Wire mothers
anomie
society feeling fragmented and lacking cohesiveness; associated with rapid changes in society, low levels of income, high heterogeneity, etc.
prefrontal cortex
where much executive decision making (such as considering risk and making choices) occurs; still developing in adolescents
where in brain is responsible for muscle memory
cerebellum
Brain of risk-taking individuals
Exhibit:
- hyperconnectivity between amygdala + areas of prefrontal cortex associated w/emotion regulation and critical thinking skills
- increased activity between areas of prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens
nucleus accumbens
a center for reward sensitivity, often implicated in addiction research
cognitive appraisal theory of emotion
individuals make different interpretations about stimuli
thinning
in operant conditioning, reducing the frequency of rewards for a given action
benefits of maturing late - for girls and boys
girls-often benefit; where boys-often feel more self-conscious developing late
impression management
involves the control of info about oneself and is characterized by (1) flattery, (2) boasting, and (3) ingratiation
Role strain v s. Role Conflict vs. Role Exit
Role strain = a problem fitting into an existing role VS.
Role Conflict = two roles coming into conflicts VS.
Role Exit = leaving a role
Erikson’s Stages of Development:
- 0 - 18 months: Trust VS Mistrust
_______ - 18 months - 3 years: Autonomy VS Shame & Doubt
_______ - 3 yrs - 6 yrs: Initiative VS Guilt
_______ - 6 yrs - 12 yrs: Industry VS Inferiority
_______ - 12 - 18 yrs: Identity VS Role Confusion
_______ - 19 - 40 yrs: Intimacy VS Isolation
_______ - 40 - 65 yrs: Generativity VS Stagnation
_______ - 65+ yrs: Ego Integrity VS Despair
Kübler-Ross model: Stages that most people experience when facing the end of their life:
“Death Always Brings Definite Acceptance” =
Denial -> Anger -> Bargaining -> Depression -> Acceptance
primary vs. secondary aging
Primary aging —> the aging of biological factors and the physical body
_____
-Secondary agin —-> aging that relates to behavioral factors like diet and exercise
benefits of within-subject design
controls for individual differences by comparing the scores of a subject in one condition to the scores of the same subject in other conditions (so each subject serves as his/her own control)
General Adaption Syndrome (by Hans Selye)
the body’s short-term and long-term reaction to stress. Selye believed it involved 2 major body systems: the nervous system & the endocrine system. He also outlined 3 stages in the syndrome’s evolution: (1) Alarm Reaction (AR), (2) Stage of Resistance (SR); and (3) Stage of Exhaustion (SE)
-Activation-synthesis hypothesis –>
proposes that dreams result from brain activation during REM sleep
-Theory of cognitive appraisal (by Lazarus and Folkman) —> appraisal (is the stressor important? is it good? how much can it affect me?) and Secondary appraisal (How equipt am I to handle it?)
cognitive appraisal occurs when a person considers 2 factors that majorly contribute to stress (1-the threatening tendency of the stressor and 2-the assessment of resources needed to tolerate/eradicate the stressor). Two types of appraisal, which occur simultaneously (according to the theory) = Primary
gambler’s fallacy =
the mistaken belief that if something happens more frequently than normal during some period, it will happen less frequently in the future (or vice versa)
Conflict Theory =
individuals compete with each other in society over limited resources (and because of this, certain institutions rise to the top)
Ratio level of measurement =
one in which there are a range of quantitative responses, ordered at equally spaced intervals, and with it being possible to score 0 (complete absence of the quantity)
‘-Anomie theory =
individuals who experience weakened social values are less likely to behave in ways that are helpful to that society
-Relative Depravation Theory =
individuals who perceive themselves as having less resources than others will often act in ways to obtain these resources
‘-General Strain Theory =
individuals who have experienced negative events feel negative emotions, which lead to negative behaviors.
The 3 parts of the psychic apparatus Sigmund Freud suggested in his structural model of the psyche
(1) id - basic human instinctual drives, and, by definition, is unconscious.
____
(2) Ego - controls the id; where conscious awareness resides. But, some elements of it are also unconscious (it facilitates communication between the unconscious and conscious parts of the brain)
____
(3) Superego - forms the organized part of the personality structure and is mostly (but not entirely) unconscious
Acetylcholanine vs dopamine vs. serotonin vs. GABA —-> what each are primary neurotransmitter for
Acetylcholine = primary neurotransmitter of skeletal muscle
_____
Dopamine = primarily involved in pleasure- and reward- oriented behavior (and a little motor control - such as in Parkinsons)
_____
Serotonin = primarily in feelings of happiness and well-being, also some cognitive functions like learning and memory
_____
GABA = chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system
Reciprocal Determinism (Albert Bandura)
theory that a person’s behavor both influences and is influinced by the environment
Subjective Norms
perceived social pressure to engage or not to engage in a behavior
Social Control
Refers to enforcement and conformity
Social Cognitive Theory
people learn by watching others, and if they see someone is rewarded for a behavior, they are more likely to behave that way too
Negative vs. Positive sanctions
Negative (=punishment) VS positive (=reward) sanction. (and can have Formal vs. informal sanction)
ideal bureaucracy
makes decisions in accordance with its mission, has a heirarchial structure, indivduals should be specializaed, employees are promoted until they become sufficiently competent for their positions.
protectionism
a country rejecting trade with others and being isolative
formula for frequency of a pendulum
f = 1/2π * sqrt(g/L)
Where g = gravity, and L = length of pendulum
an object is elastic if _____
it experiences a deformation while being compressed or stretched
Force Constant for a spring, k –> what it is; units
How difficult it is to compress a spring (if small, then it is easier to move the spring)
Hooke’s Law
F = -kx
for a spring force; negative b/c it is a restoring force
Transverse vs. longitudinal waves
transverse = causes vibration perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation (ex. fans doing the wave, radio and light waves) longitudinal = causes vibration parallel to the direction of wave propagation (ex: sound waves)
relationship between velocity, frequency, and wavelength, and period
v = λf = λ/T
Calculate wave speed f a transverse propagating wave, given spring tension (T) and mass/unit length (μ)
v = sqrt(T/μ)
what is a beat? calculate the frequency of a beat
Beat = occurs when 2 waves of differing wavelengths interfere with each other (it is a cyclic change in intensity that occurs then). f(beat) = abs(f2 - f1)
What is a standing wave?
Wave that appears to have no propagation velocity b/c it is the result of the interference of 2 waves traveling opposite directions
first harmonic
the fundamental vibration - the longest possible wavelength that can be generated that meets the restriction of no movement at each end of the rope
Nodes
Areas of no vibration (Are found at the ends of fixed end strings)
Antinodes
Area where amplitude of vibration is the highest (found symmetrically displaced between adjacent nodes)
Calculate wavelengths and frequencies for harmonics (where n = the harmonic #, and L = string length, and v = velocity) FOR OPEN ENDED AND CLOSED ENDED PIPES
OPEN-ENDED: Based on: L=1/4 * λ λ = 2L / n f = nv / 2L = v/λ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ CLOSE-ENDED: Based on L = 1/2* λ λ = 4L / n f = nv / 4L = v/λ
Calculate the # of nodes and antinodes in a given harmonic (where n = the harmonic number)
# of nodes = n + 1 # of antinodes = n
shallow water vs. deep water —> velocity of a surface wave is proportional to what?
Shallow water: v = sqrt(gh) where h=depth of water
deep water: v = sqrt(gλ/2π)
Resonance (in terms of vibrations)
Supplying a vibrating force that has a frequency which is the same as the natural frequency of the system —> will INCREASE the energy of the system (i.e., it is the opposite of damping)
primacy effect
a better memory for events at the beginning of the series
spreading activation theory
when a concept is activated, the activation spreads to concepts that are semantically or associatively related to it
Behaviorism
The theory that all behaviors are conditioned; focuses on the role of reinforcement & punishment in shaping behavior
which part of the eye is in direct contact with the eyelid?
the cornea
what type of receptors are hair cells of the cochlea?
*mechanoreceptors —> so they respond to mechanical pressure or distortion
Actor-Observer Bias
States that actors attribute their own behavior to situational factors, whereas observers attribute actors’ behavior to dispositional factors
Habituation and dishabutation
A type of non-associative learning;
habituation = decrease in response to a stimulus due to repeated exposure, and dishabituation = when a decreases response from habituation restores back to its original response
Optimal arousal theory
states that optimal performance requires optimal arousal; if arousal levels are too high or low, performance will be impeeded
increased electrical conductivity of the skin is a physiological indication of what?
Increased sympathetic arousal
Priming
an implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences the responses to another stimulus
Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome
stages that people’s response to various stressors is similar.
*he describes 3 stages: (1) alarm stage (2) resistance stage (3) exhaustion stage
functions of hypothalamus:
the four Fs: (1) Feeding (2) Fighting (3) Flighting (4) (sexual) functioning
gentrification: what it is and a few outcomes of it:
The reinvestment in lower income neighborhoods in urban areas which results from the influx of more affluent groups.
- outcomes include:
- neighborhood stratification
- expanded tax base for local government
- decrease of affordable housing for lower income residents
- displacement of lower income residents
validity vs. reliability
validity = the strength of the results and whether they are generalizable; reliability = the repeatability and consistency of a test
Linguistic Relativity (aka the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis)
Holds that the structure of a language affects its speakers’ world view or cognition
Magic Number (aka Miller’s Law)
7 plus or minus 2
-George Miller argues that the number of objects an average human adult can hold in working memory is 7 plus or minus 2
working memory
cognitive system with limited capacity - responsible for the transient holding, processing, and manipulation of information
Chunking
parsing info into chunks that are more memorable and easier to process - a means of “hacking” our working memory
content analysis
a sociological method used to make inferences about communication (by systematically interpreting words and images from documents, film, art, music, and other cultural products and media)
procedural memory
memory for the performance of particular types of action
reference group
a group that an individual is compared to or uses as a standard for evaluating themselves and forming an identity
role strain vs. role conflict
role strain is the tension that results from competing demands within the context of a single role
vs. role conflict: if the tension existed between different roles that a single individual has
Fundamental stability and intimacy – basic group dynamics
larger groups are considered more stable but less intimate (compared to smaller groups)
dyads vs. triads
dyads = 2 person groups; triads = 3 person groups.
__
dyads are considered more unstable b/c either party can break the single social tie, vs triad which is more stable b/c of the additional cultural ties
mixed methods approach
in sociology; bringing together quantitative methods and qualitative methods
conflict theory
emphasizes the role of power differentials in producing order;
-emphasizes the competition between groups over the allocation of societal resources. Assumes that power and society are unequally distributed across a society and that groups attempt to maintain their advantage
functionalist theory
society is a system of interconnected parts that work together in harmony to maintain a state of balance and social equilibrium for the whole
ethnographic methods
involve the extended, systematic observation of a complete social environment
caste systems
closed stratification systems that do not allow for social mobility
urban renewal
The process where an urban neighborhood or area is improved and rehabilitated
psychoeducation
the education offered to individuals with a mental health condition and their families to help empower them and deal with their condition in an optimal way.
3 types of organizations
(1) Coercive: members forced to join
(2) Normative: members volunteer to participate
(3) Utilitarian: members are compensated for their involvement
Hans Eysenck:
follows biological perspective of personality (investigated trait of neurotocism
Maslow:
humanistic perspective of personality; hierarchy of needs (the psych/physio needs humans require)
Gordon Allport:
trait perspective of personality; 3 key types of traits in personality: (1) cardinal traits (2) Central Traits (3) Secondary traits
brain areas of the limbic system
amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, septal area, and hypothalamus
perspective vs. descriptive
- perspective: what an individual believes should occur; descriptive: what one perceives as actually occuring
- inductive reasoning: extrapolating from individual observations to general principles
inductive vs. deductive reasoning
inductive reasoning: extrapolating from individual observations to general principles;
deductive reasoning: extrapolating from general principles to individual observations
World Systems Theory
divide countries into core (most econmically diversified, wealth, and powerful); periphery (least so); and semiperiphery (in between the others two)
what is the main “reward” neurotransmitter
dopamine
Anchoring
(aka adjustment heuristic): fixating on a specific trait (typically the first one given)
-Representativeness heuristic:
judging the probability that an object or event A belongs to class B by looking at the degree to which A resembles B.
priming
one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus
dual coding
using verbal nad nonverbal info in separate related systems
Prevalence vs. Morbidity vs. Mortality
- Prevalence (how common a disease is);
- morbidity (the relative incidence of disease);
- mortality (the # of people who die from the disease
primary vs. secondary groups
Primary Groups: more stable, often lifelong relationships (family/childhood friends, etc.);
secondary groups: temporary relationships (neighbors/coworkers at second job, etc.)
