Psych 4 (development, social influence)

Question 1

Developmental psychology

Answer 1

The study of continuity and change—physical, cognitive, and social—throughout the life span

Question 2

Sex

Answer 2

Biological; determined by chromosomes, genitals, hormones, etc.

Question 3

Gender

Answer 3

societal constructions of male, female, and other gender variants

Question 4

Gender roles

Answer 4

the behaviors a culture expects of its gender types

Question 5

Social role theory

Answer 5

A way in which we learn gender roles. Human behavior is guided by expectations of which social roles we ought to hold

Question 6

Gender dysphoria

Answer 6

When gender identity does not match external biology

Question 7

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 7

A stage of development from 0-2 yrs old. Babies take in the world and learn about it. Develop object permanence

Question 8

Object permanence

Answer 8

The understanding that an object out of sight still exists

Question 9

Preoperational stage

Answer 9

Stage of development from 2-7yrs old. Children learn pretend play, develop theory of mind

Question 10

Egocentrism

Answer 10

Difficulty imagining another person’s point of view; characteristic of before development of theory of mind

Question 11

Theory of mind

Answer 11

the ability to understand that other people have their own thoughts, reactions, feelings, etc. that are different from their own

Question 12

Attachment

Answer 12

Emotional tie to a caregiver

Question 13

Strange situation

Answer 13

A test of attachment style in babies, where mom leaves the room and then comes back

Question 14

Secure attachment

Answer 14

Play comfortably in mom’s presence, explore the environment, become upset when she leaves, seek contact when she returns

Question 15

Insecure attachment

Answer 15

Can include avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized attachments

Question 16

Avoidant attachment

Answer 16

Ignore mom when she’s in the room

Question 17

Ambivalent attachment

Answer 17

mom leaves→upset, mom returns→ignore her/be mad

Question 18

Disorganized attachment

Answer 18

Mixed reactions

Question 19

Authoritarian parenting

Answer 19

Parents impose rules and expect obedience

Question 20

Permissive parenting

Answer 20

Parents submit to a child’s demand

Question 21

Authoritative parenting

Answer 21

Parents are demanding but responsive to their children

Question 22

Neglectful parenting

Answer 22

Parents are not demanding, not responsive

Question 23

Individualist culture

Answer 23

Focus on personal identities and freedoms

Question 24

Collectivist culture

Answer 24

Focus on the interests of the family and greater community

Question 25

Heritability

Answer 25

an estimate of the % of a trait’s variance in a population that is due to genes

Question 26

Adoption studies

Answer 26

similarities between adoptive child and adoptive parent vs. similarities between adopted child and biological parent

Question 27

Twin studies

Answer 27

similarities between identical twins vs similarities between fraternal twins

Question 28

Identical twins

Answer 28

develop from a single fertilized eggs (share 100% of DNA)

Question 29

Fraternal twins

Answer 29

develop from separate fertilized eggs (different genes! ~50% the same)

Question 30

Temperament

Answer 30

a person’s characteristic pattern of responding to the world; found in twin studies to have a strong genetic basis

Question 31

Prejudice

Answer 31

Positive or negative evaluation (judgment) of a person based on their apparent group membership, usually directed at groups different from our own

Question 32

Stereotype threat

Answer 32

People often behave as they are expected to behave

Question 33

Right-wing Authoritarianism

Answer 33

Endorses respect for obedience and authority in the service of group conformity, and focuses on group unity over individual rights

Question 34

Social dominance orientation

Answer 34

belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and even a good idea to maintain order and stability

Question 35

Social psychology

Answer 35

The scientific study of how peoples’ thoughts and behaviors may vary based on the social context

Question 36

Conformity

Answer 36

Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Question 37

Normative influence

Answer 37

A form of group pressure; desire for approval

Question 38

Informational influence

Answer 38

A form of group pressure; trying to be accurate/get things right

Question 39

Obedience

Answer 39

A person’s compliance when given an order or command from someone in a position of authority.

Question 40

Attitude

Answer 40

an evaluation about an object, person, or event that predisposes a person to feel or act in a particular way.

Question 41

Attribution

Answer 41

inference about the cause of a person’s behavior

Question 42

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 42

Tendency to make dispositional attributions over situational attributions (especially in others)

Question 43

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 43

tensions that occur when attitudes and actions don’t match.