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PSYCH 101 > Psych 2 (consciousness, learning) > Flashcards

Psych 2 (consciousness, learning) Flashcards

1
Q

Right hemisphere controls…

A

Left visual field sight, left side movement

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2
Q

Left hemisphere controls

A

Right visual field sight, right side movement, speech

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3
Q

Optic chiasm

A

An area where axons of optic nerves cross over each other. Information is sorted so that info from the right visual field is processed in the left visual cortex, and vice versa

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4
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Naturally-occurring 24 hour cycle, regulated by a molecular clock region in the hypothalamus PLUS light cues

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5
Q

Free-running periods

A

Periods of sleep/wake without light cues. For humans, they are about 25 hours

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6
Q

REM

A

Rapid Eye Movement. Stage of sleep where dreaming occurs, muscles are paralyzed, unsynchronized neural activity that is similar to waking

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7
Q

Insomnia

A

A persistent inability to fall or stay asleep

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8
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

failure to breathe when asleep

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9
Q

Narcolepsy

A

overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up

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10
Q

Night terrors

A

The sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (rapid heart rate, perspiration) which occur during stage 4 sleep

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11
Q

Sleepwalking

A

A Stage 4 sleep disorder which is usually harmless and unrecalled the next day

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12
Q

3 Theories of why we dream

A

Wish fulfillment, information processing, activation-synthesis theory

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13
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Chemicals that alter perceptions and mood (consciousness) or behavior

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14
Q

Stimulants

A

Increase CNS activity

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15
Q

Depressants

A

Decrease CNS activity

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16
Q

Opiates

A

Derived from opium, relieve pain

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17
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Alter sensation/perception

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18
Q

Learning

A

the acquisition of a mental representation of past experience

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19
Q

Classical conditioning

A

pairing two previously unrelated events

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20
Q

Fear conditioning

A

the association of a neutral stimulus with an aversive stimulus, so that the animal becomes afraid of the conditioned stimulus

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21
Q

Acquisition

A

The initial learning stage: the association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place

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22
Q

Extinction

A

When US does not follow the CS, CR begins to decrease and eventually causes extinction. (extinction is new learning, not forgetting)

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23
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

after extinction (CS with no US until CR stops), and a period with no CS, another CS can bring back the CR

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24
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the CS (dogs would salivate to similar tones)

25
Stimulus discrimination
the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli (that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus)
26
Biological Preparedness
tendency to associate some CS-US pairs more readily than others
27
Operant conditioning
association is formed between a behavior and its consequence, either good or bad
28
Reinforcement
good consequences increase the likelihood that one will perform the behavior again
29
Punishment
bad consequences decrease the likelihood that one will perform the behavior again
30
Positive reinforcement
the addition of a desirable stimulus to strengthen behavior
31
Negative reinforcement
the removal of some aversive stimulus to strengthen behavior
32
Positive punishment
the addition of an aversive stimulus to reduce the behavior
33
Negative punishment
the removal of a desirable stimulus to reduce behavior
34
Shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which rewards guide behavior toward a specific goal behavior (by rewarding simpler and similar behaviors)
35
Latent learning
Learning that occurs before there is incentive to demonstrate the learning
36
Observational learning
Learning by watching others
37
Modeling
the process of observing and imitating specific behaviors
38
What influences memory?
Attentiveness, rehearsal, emotion, distinctiveness
39
3 steps of memory formation
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
40
Iconic memory
Part of sensory memory. Visual memory. About 0.5 seconds
41
Echoic memory
Part of sensory memory. Auditory memory. About 3 seconds.
42
Short-term memory
The contents of conscious awareness. Whatever you are currently focusing on. Lasts 3-10 seconds, capacity of 4-7 things
43
Long-term memory
Can be recalled, or can influence your behavior after it has left your conscious awareness. Lasts from a few minutes to a lifetime. Capacity almost infinite
44
Explicit/declarative memories
Consciously recalled
45
Implicit/procedural memories
Not verbally recalled, includes conditioned response
46
Retrograde amnesia
Can't recall past memories
47
Anterograde amnesia
Can't form new memories
48
Wish fulfillment
Theory of why we dream: Freud & Jung suggested that dreams provide a way to discharge unacceptable feelings. Dreams may have symbolic content
49
Information processing
Theory of why we dream: Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix a day’s experiences in our memories. Dreams may help us solve problems and form memories
50
Activation-synthesis theory
Theory of why we dream: the sleeping brain engages in random neural activity. Dreams make sense of this activity.
51
Unconditioned stimulus
The stimulus that elicits the response before conditioning occurs
52
Unconditioned response
An innate response that is elicited by a stimulus before conditioning occurs
53
Conditioned stimulus
An initially neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response after it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus
54
Episodic memory
he ability to remember the episodes of our lives.
55
Semantic memory
our storehouse of more-or-less permanent knowledge, such as the meanings of words in a language
56
Encoding
The initial learning of information
57
Storage
maintaining information over time
58
Retrieval
the ability to access information when you need it

PSYCH 101 (5 decks)

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