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PSYCH 101 > Psych 2 (consciousness, learning) > Flashcards

Psych 2 (consciousness, learning) Flashcards

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1
Q

Right hemisphere controls…

A

Left visual field sight, left side movement

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2
Q

Left hemisphere controls

A

Right visual field sight, right side movement, speech

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3
Q

Optic chiasm

A

An area where axons of optic nerves cross over each other. Information is sorted so that info from the right visual field is processed in the left visual cortex, and vice versa

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4
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Naturally-occurring 24 hour cycle, regulated by a molecular clock region in the hypothalamus PLUS light cues

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5
Q

Free-running periods

A

Periods of sleep/wake without light cues. For humans, they are about 25 hours

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6
Q

REM

A

Rapid Eye Movement. Stage of sleep where dreaming occurs, muscles are paralyzed, unsynchronized neural activity that is similar to waking

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7
Q

Insomnia

A

A persistent inability to fall or stay asleep

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8
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

failure to breathe when asleep

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9
Q

Narcolepsy

A

overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up

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10
Q

Night terrors

A

The sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (rapid heart rate, perspiration) which occur during stage 4 sleep

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11
Q

Sleepwalking

A

A Stage 4 sleep disorder which is usually harmless and unrecalled the next day

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12
Q

3 Theories of why we dream

A

Wish fulfillment, information processing, activation-synthesis theory

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13
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Chemicals that alter perceptions and mood (consciousness) or behavior

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14
Q

Stimulants

A

Increase CNS activity

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15
Q

Depressants

A

Decrease CNS activity

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16
Q

Opiates

A

Derived from opium, relieve pain

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17
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Alter sensation/perception

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18
Q

Learning

A

the acquisition of a mental representation of past experience

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19
Q

Classical conditioning

A

pairing two previously unrelated events

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20
Q

Fear conditioning

A

the association of a neutral stimulus with an aversive stimulus, so that the animal becomes afraid of the conditioned stimulus

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21
Q

Acquisition

A

The initial learning stage: the association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place

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22
Q

Extinction

A

When US does not follow the CS, CR begins to decrease and eventually causes extinction. (extinction is new learning, not forgetting)

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23
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

after extinction (CS with no US until CR stops), and a period with no CS, another CS can bring back the CR

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24
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the CS (dogs would salivate to similar tones)

25
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli (that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus)

26
Q

Biological Preparedness

A

tendency to associate some CS-US pairs more readily than others

27
Q

Operant conditioning

A

association is formed between a behavior and its consequence, either good or bad

28
Q

Reinforcement

A

good consequences increase the likelihood that one will perform the behavior again

29
Q

Punishment

A

bad consequences decrease the likelihood that one will perform the behavior again

30
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

the addition of a desirable stimulus to strengthen behavior

31
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

the removal of some aversive stimulus to strengthen behavior

32
Q

Positive punishment

A

the addition of an aversive stimulus to reduce the behavior

33
Q

Negative punishment

A

the removal of a desirable stimulus to reduce behavior

34
Q

Shaping

A

an operant conditioning procedure in which rewards guide behavior toward a specific goal behavior (by rewarding simpler and similar behaviors)

35
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs before there is incentive to demonstrate the learning

36
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning by watching others

37
Q

Modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating specific behaviors

38
Q

What influences memory?

A

Attentiveness, rehearsal, emotion, distinctiveness

39
Q

3 steps of memory formation

A

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

40
Q

Iconic memory

A

Part of sensory memory. Visual memory. About 0.5 seconds

41
Q

Echoic memory

A

Part of sensory memory. Auditory memory. About 3 seconds.

42
Q

Short-term memory

A

The contents of conscious awareness. Whatever you are currently focusing on. Lasts 3-10 seconds, capacity of 4-7 things

43
Q

Long-term memory

A

Can be recalled, or can influence your behavior after it has left your conscious awareness. Lasts from a few minutes to a lifetime. Capacity almost infinite

44
Q

Explicit/declarative memories

A

Consciously recalled

45
Q

Implicit/procedural memories

A

Not verbally recalled, includes conditioned response

46
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Can’t recall past memories

47
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Can’t form new memories

48
Q

Wish fulfillment

A

Theory of why we dream: Freud & Jung suggested that dreams provide a way to discharge unacceptable feelings. Dreams may have symbolic content

49
Q

Information processing

A

Theory of why we dream: Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix a day’s experiences in our memories. Dreams may help us solve problems and form memories

50
Q

Activation-synthesis theory

A

Theory of why we dream: the sleeping brain engages in random neural activity. Dreams make sense of this activity.

51
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

The stimulus that elicits the response before conditioning occurs

52
Q

Unconditioned response

A

An innate response that is elicited by a stimulus before conditioning occurs

53
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

An initially neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response after it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus

54
Q

Episodic memory

A

he ability to remember the episodes of our lives.

55
Q

Semantic memory

A

our storehouse of more-or-less permanent knowledge, such as the meanings of words in a language

56
Q

Encoding

A

The initial learning of information

57
Q

Storage

A

maintaining information over time

58
Q

Retrieval

A

the ability to access information when you need it

PSYCH 101 (5 decks)

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