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PSYCH 101 > Psych 1 (history, methods, neuroscience) > Flashcards

Psych 1 (history, methods, neuroscience) Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypothesis

A

A logical idea that can be tested

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2
Q

Theory

A

Group of closely related phenomena or observations

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3
Q

Empirical methods

A

Approaches to inquiry that are tied to actual measurement and observation

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4
Q

Systematic observation

A

The careful observation of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it. Observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, or otherwise organize information about the natural world

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5
Q

Empiricism

A

The idea that all knowledge comes from experience, promoted by philosophers like John Locke

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6
Q

Rene Descartes

A

A French philosopher that wondered how our mental and physical states interact with each other (Dualism)

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7
Q

Dualism

A

The idea that our mental and physical states are two separate things

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8
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Founder of the first experimental psychology lab. Was into structuralism and mostly used introspection to get data (also did a little bit of measuring reaction times, but gave up)

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9
Q

Structuralism

A

An approach to identifying the building blocks of human experience

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10
Q

Introspection

A

Wundt used this to get data to try to determine the building blocks of the mind. Asked subjects to reflect on experiences and sensations

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11
Q

Functionalism

A

The attempt to describe human behaviors through their evolutionary purpose

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12
Q

William James

A

Connected with functionalism

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13
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Thought the mind was made up of the id, ego, and superego. Believed that the unconscious mind rules our behavior. Made theories that were not falsifiable

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14
Q

Id

A

Part of the mind concerned with primal selfish desires like food & sex

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15
Q

Super-ego

A

Part of the mind concerned with morality

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16
Q

Ego

A

Part of the mind that was a balance between id and super-ego

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17
Q

Behaviorism

A

The idea that all behaviors can be explained by experiments with external rewards and punishments

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18
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

The study of mental processes

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19
Q

Hindsight bias

A

Tendency to view past events (or results) as being more predictable than they actually were

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20
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Tendency to notice ad believe information consistent with one’s beliefs (and ignore or be more skeptical of information inconsistent with one’s beliefs)

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21
Q

Why is intuition unreliable?

A

Overconfidence, we tend to see order in random events, hindsight bias, confirmation bias

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22
Q

3 types of research designs

A

Experimental, correlational, descriptive

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23
Q

Falsifiable

A

Able to be disproved. Scientific hypotheses and theories must be falsifiable.

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24
Q

Reliable

A

When a test yields consistent results

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25
Q

Valid

A

When a test measures what it is supposed to measure. How well does it measure something, how well does it predict something

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26
Q

Split-half reliability

A

A way to determine reliability of a test. Dividing the test into two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are

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27
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

A way to determine reliability of a test. Using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency

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28
Q

Correlation Coefficients

A

Numbers between -1 and 1 that tell the direction of, and how strong a correlation between two things is

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29
Q

Control group

A

Receives no treatment

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30
Q

Experimental group

A

Receives treatment

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31
Q

Random assignment

A

A way to minimize third variable influences in an experiment

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32
Q

Independent variable

A

potential cause, the variable we manipulate

33
Q

Dependent variable

A

potential effect

34
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

In experiments involving drugs, placebos must be used. Subjects don’t know which test group they are in, and researchers don’t know until the end

35
Q

WEIRD people

A

W.estern, E.ducated, I.ndustrialized, R.ich, D.emocratic

36
Q

Pseudoscience

A

Claims that are presented as science, but have no basis in scientific method, falsifiability, or supporting evidence

37
Q

Cell body

A

The life-support center of a neuron

38
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive messages from other cells

39
Q

Axon

A

Passes messages away from the cell body

40
Q

Neural impulse

A

Action potential; electrical signal

41
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Covers the axon of some neurons, helps speed up neural impulses

42
Q

Terminal branches of axon

A

Form junctions with other cells

43
Q

All-or-none

A

Neurons will send a message (action potential) if the previous signal is strong enough (at a certain threshold)

44
Q

Synapse

A

Points of connection between different neurons

45
Q

GABA

A

Neurotransmitter that makes other cells less likely to fire an action potential (inhibitory)

46
Q

Glutamine

A

Neurotransmitter that makes other cells more likely to fire an action potential (excitatory)

47
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter involved in processes related to rewards, also generating movement signals

48
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord

49
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Anything not in the brain+spinal cord, divided into somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

50
Q

Somatic NS

A

Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

51
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands. Made up of the sympathetic NS and parasympathetic NS

52
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

arousing, involved in fight or flight

53
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

relaxing, involved in ‘rest and digest’

54
Q

Hindbrain

A

basic life functions (e.g. breathing, arousal, heart beat)

55
Q

Cerebellum

A

Part of the hindbrain, balance and coordinated movements

56
Q

Midbrain

A

visual and auditory reflexes, major dopamine source

57
Q

Forebrain (subcortical)

A

Includes corpus callosum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary, amygdala, hippocampus

58
Q

Axon hillock

A

Where the axon connects to the cell body

59
Q

Forebrain (cortical)

A

Includes cerebral cortex

60
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Axon fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

61
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex

62
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls hunger, sex, motivation for basic survival drives

63
Q

Pituitary

A

Master endocrine gland

64
Q

Spinal cord

A

Pathway for neural fibers traveling to/from brain; controls simple reflexes

65
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Ultimate control and info-processing center

66
Q

Amydala

A

Associated with fear; other emotions

67
Q

Hippocampus

A

Linked with memory

68
Q

Limbic system

A

Amygdala and hippocampus

69
Q

Grey matter

A

Cerebral cortex. Darker because axons lack myelin

70
Q

White matter

A

Lighter parts of the brain tissue that appear lighter because they are mainly myelinated axons

71
Q

Association areas

A

Uncommitted parts of the brain that more intelligent animals have more of (like language)

72
Q

Stress

A

Mental and physiological response to events (stressors) that we perceive as threatening

73
Q

Fight or flight response

A

Mobilizes body to attack or escape

74
Q

Epinephrine

A

Fast response to stress, a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands (adrenaline), telling sympathetic NS to go

75
Q

Cortisol

A

Slow response to stress, a hormone released by the adrenal glands that has many effects, one of which being the suppression of the immune system

76
Q

Frontal lobe

A

motor (movement)

77
Q

Parietal lobe

A

touch

78
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision

79
Q

Temporal lobe

A

audition (hearing)

PSYCH 101 (5 decks)

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