psych - 2 intelligence Flashcards
How did psychology arrive at a definition of intelligence ?
- needed a definition of intelligence
- previous constructs
- breaking down intelligence into various constructs
- then develop measures of these and gradually built up a description of what we think intelligence is.
how did the assessment of intelligence develop into its modern form?
previous attempts to create intelligence tests e.g Francis Galton (first attempt to measure intelligence)
Army Alpha and Beta ww1 (alpha for literate recruits and beta for illiterate)
what is a deviation IQ score?
the deviation IQ score is the score, iq scores are normally distributed in large population.
so the tests were developed so that this would be true
each age has a different distribution, so if you are smart as a 12 year old you are x amount of standard deviations above the mean mark etc etc.
Describe the general form of the Wechsler intelligence tests.
in sub tests
- general information that tests crystalised intelligence.
- subtest called digit span (memory of read out numbers repeated back and back in reverse order) this tests memory of short term
- a subtest that measures mental speed and reasoning ability.
scores are combined in various ways to give several domain scores and the overall score.
What are the main differences between the models of intelligence of spearman, Thurstone and cattell?
Charles spearman - saw that people who scored bad on one test scored bad on others, and vice versa. He concluded that intelligence is a general cognitive ability that can be measured and numerically expressed.
Thurstone - Instead of seeing intelligence like one general ability like spearman, he proposed that there was actually primary mental abilities such as reasoning and numeric ability.
Cattell - split the G factor of spearman into two different factors GF (fluid ability) and GC (crystallised ability)
GF was an inborn cognitive potential which declined with old age
and GC was aquired knowledge dependent on how the GF was invested.
What distinguishes the models of intelligence of Horn (Gf-Gc theory) and of Carroll (CHC theory)?
Gf-Gc theory is just two abilities where as CHC theory has 8 independent variables that tests mental ability in different areas which was created by combining apects of Gf-Gc and carrolls 3 stratum theory.
What is the cognitive processes approach to understanding and measuring intelligence?
split into 3 categories that can be taught
analytical intelligence (reasoning skills) (compinential sub theory)
practical intelligence (common sense) (contextual sub theory)
creative intelligence (original ideas)
Describe Gardner’s model of intelligence. How does this relate to the construct emotional intelligence (EI)?
does not have a g factor, instead many broader conceptions that are not tested (although others have)
it relates to emotional intelligence because some of the concepts deal with emotional things like how you treat other people and your self etc etc **dont really kno tho
What is the reliability of an intelligence test? Why is it important?
the reliability of an intelligence test is important because without reliability there wont be consistent results being received which means norms cannot be made properly.
what is the validity of an intelligence test? why is it important ?
validity is important because it looks at whether the test measures what it is supposed to be testing.
What is the Flynn effect? Describe the challenge posed to measuring intelligence by the Flynn effect.
the Flynn effect is the rise in standardised intelligence tests over time.
although this means that an average person of today is classified as “intellectually gifted” on other words the norm from 100 years ago in todays test would mean the person is intellectually disabled. obviously this isnt the case and there is little evidence that this is the case.
what is heritability?
heritability estimates the amount of phenotypic variance between individuals that can be accounted for by genetic differences between individuals.
phenotype - genetic physical traits
genotype - genetic combination
What role does the environment play in determining IQ?
depending on what stage of development someone is in it can have good or bad effects,
bad effects include social isolation, poverty, (it is hard to determine whether being poor is due to a low IQ or if a low IQ is due to being poor)
increase in IQ could from sending kids to preschool, sustained educational interventions from infancy to 3 years and reading to children in an interactive manner.
Define intellectual disability
generally caused by some form of brain damage from likely birth or early in age.
low on the IQ scale
What is giftedness?
usually refers to some form of exceptional academic achievement in, for example, maths, physics, or literature and is associated with very high IQ, say, greater than 130 or 140.
