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Animals unit Flashcards

1
Q

Animals can be characterised by what?

A

body plans

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2
Q

what is the animal kingdom called?

A

Metazoa

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3
Q

what is the MCRA of animals?

A

Colonial flagellated protist ancestor (800mil to 1.2 bil years ago)

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4
Q

Name 3 general features of animals

A
  1. heterotrophs (eat other organisms cant synthesise organic molecules from inorganic eg sun)
  2. multicellular (different cells with different functions)
  3. no cell walls (flexibility, extracellular lattices)
  4. Sexual reporoduction (egg + sperm = diploid zygote)
  5. Embryonic development (cleavage; gastrulation)
  6. Bodies held together by structural proteins (e.g collagen
  7. HOX genes
  8. active movement (rapid complex diverse eg flight)
  9. unique tissues (muscles and nerves for locomotion
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5
Q

What do Hox genes do?

A

HOX genes give orders to developing embryos t activate genes/switches. They determine the physical form of the organism such as where the front, back, top and bottom of the animal is supposed to be and where the head/legs go.

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6
Q

how do germ layers arise?

what do they lead to?

A

embryo becomes layered through gastrulation

they lead to form the various tissues and organs

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7
Q

How many germ layers can animals have?

A

2 or 3 germ layers

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8
Q

what is an animal with 2 germ layers called?

what are the layers called?

A

diploblastic (two)
ectoderm
endoderm

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9
Q

What is an animal with 3 germ layers called?

what are the layers called

A

Triploblastic (three layers)
Ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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10
Q

what do the different germ layers do?

A

Ectoderm - outer layer - outercovering
Endoderm - innermost layer lines the developing digestive tract and also gives rise to associated organs liver, lungs
mesoderm - forms muscles and most of the organs that fit between the endo and ectoderm

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11
Q

Why is the evolution of tissues important ?

A

Allows specialization of functions
allows localization of functions
allows greater complexity

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12
Q

What are the 2 different symmetries? and what are there features?

A

Radial - top and a bottom, can be split into quarters like a soccer ball

Bilateral - two halves right and left like a lobster or shovel

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13
Q

what are the 3 body cavities ? what are there names

A
  1. no body cavity
  2. pseudo body cavity
  3. true body cavity
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14
Q

What is coelom?

A

fluid filled body cavity

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15
Q

Why are body cavities important? (2 reasons)

A
  • support organs
  • helps distribute materials
  • larger and longer organs
  • more flexibility
  • storage or larger number of gametes
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16
Q

what are the two development modes?

A

Deuterostome
Protostome

deuterostomes, the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, while in protostomes, it becomes the mouth.

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17
Q

Why is segmentation important ?

give 2 reasons

A

each segment can develop a complete set of organ systems - damage to 1 set is not fatal

Specialisation of organs and functions

locomotion more effective

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18
Q

What is an exoskeleton?

A

Rigid external skeleton made from layer of protein, chitin

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19
Q

Advantages of exo skeleton?

A

muscles can attach to interior surface
protection from

predators and water loss

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20
Q

animals that shed are called?

A

ecdysozoa

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21
Q

examples of jointed appendages (give 2)

A

legs, antennae, mouthparts, swimming appendages

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22
Q

Advantages of jointed appendages

A

Functional flexibility like walking feeding defence

greater mobility and locomotion like flying

lead to enormous diversity

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23
Q

what is an endo skeleton

A

an INTERNAL skelton, such as the bony or cartilaginous skeleton of vertabrates

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24
Q

what are some advantages of endo skeleton

A

attachment of muscles

increase in size and strength

diversity in locomotion

living system, so grows with an organism

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25
Nerve chord and notochord differentiates into what ? what are they in?
notochord longitudinal flexible rod of chordates which supports the body Nerve cord refers to the major cord of nerve fibres they are in chordates
26
what are some features of vertebrates?
vertabral column, head, endoskeleton, unique internal organs, embryology, jaws, territoriality (limbs lungs amniotic skin) endothermic and flight (maybe)
27
what does the amniotic egg do?
prevents eggs from drying out (external or internal)
28
what do all animals have to do? name 2
- obtain oxygen - nourish themselves - excrete wastes - move - reproduce
29
an animals body plan must allow what ?
Living cells to be bathes in an aqueous medium (important to maintaining the plasma membranes around the cell)
30
How do animals service the needs of the large number of cells in there body?
respiratory system digestive system excretory system circulatory system
31
what is an advantage of being a complex organism?
immediate environment around cells is the internal body fluids organ systems can control composition of immediate environment and maintain a relatively stable internal environment and so uncouple the organism from a variable external environment particularly important for terrestrial living organisms
32
what are the 4 types of tissues?
- Epithelial - Connective - Muscle - Nervous
33
what are epithelial tissue
Sheets of tightly packed cells cover the outside of the body and line organs and body cavities
34
connective tissue function and examples of major types
Functions mainly to bind and support other tissues sparse population of cells includes bone blood cartilage
35
what are muscle tissues what are the 3 types
long cells called muscle fibers that are capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve signals skeletal, smooth, cardiac
36
What does nervous tissue do?
senses stimuli and transmits signals in the form of nerve impulses from one part of the body to another
37
what is homeostasis?
the regulation of internal environment within pretty narrow limits
38
what is the internal environment of vertebrates called?
interstitial fluid
39
what are the two types of internal regulation types?
Regulators and conformers
40
what do regulators do? What do conformers do?
use internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external environmental fluctuation Conformers allow internal conditions to vary with certain external changes
41
what are the three mechanisms of homeostasis and what do they do?
Receptors, detect change in internal variable (temp) Control centres, process information and direct appropriate response Effector, implements a countering response
42
what is thermoregulation?
process which an animal maintains an internal temperature within a tolerable range if temp too high proteins start to denature and membranes also change
43
What are the two types of thermal characteristics of animals? what are there features
ectotherms: gain most of their heat from their environment. Because of low metabolic rates cannot generate much heat themselves (most fish, amphibians, reptiles, invertebrates) endotherms: use their own metabolism to generate heat to regulate their body temperature (brids mammals some fish reptiles insects)
44
what are the advantages of endothermy and costs
allows vigorous activity for much longer than possible for most ectotherms enables exploitation of terrestrial environments where ambient temperatures more variable and severe than in aquatic environments Energetically expensive which means more food is needed etc
45
types of heat transfer between environment and organism?
Radiation conduction convection evaporation
46
what area of the brain regulates body temperature ?
hypothalamus
47
what are the 3 main dietary categories? | what do the eat?
Herbivores - animal that feeds on plants Carnivores - animals feeds on other animals Omnivores - eats both plant and animal origin
48
bulk of food is used for what?
energy production (ATP)
49
what are the main stages of food processing?
Ingestion (act of eating) Digestion (mechanical fragmentation of food, breaking down food into component molecules, enzymatic hydrolysis) absorption (cells absorbs small molecules) elimination (undigested material passes out of body)
50
What is the difference between intraceullular digestion and extracellular digestion?
intraceullular: begins after cell engulfs food, allows digestion by the enzymes within a compartment enclosed by protective membrane Extracellular: digestion breakdown of macro molecules (food) outside the cell, digestion takes place within a compartment that is continuous with outside world, allows organism to devour much larger prey.
51
what is the digestive tube with 2 openings called?
complete digestive tract or an alimentary canal
52
small intestine function?
completion of chemical digestion absorption of nutrients
53
Large intestine function?
cecum: bacterial digestion (fermentation) in herbivores colon, rectum: absorption of water and minerals; concentration and release of waste matter
54
what are the types of circulatory systems?
Gastrovascular cavity Open circulatory system Closed circulatory system
55
how many cell layers does a gastrovascular cavity have
2 cell layers thick
56
what are the two circulatory system types?
Open and closed
57
open and closed circulatory systems have 3 basic components? what are they
Circulatory fluid (blood) set of tubes (blood vessels) muscular pump (heart)
58
what do arteries, capillaries, veins do?
arteries, carry blood away from the heart lead to arterioles capillaries infiltrate tissues - very thin microscopic boyes veins carry blood back to the heart
59
respiration refers to all processes associated with what?
O2 and CO2
60
what are alveoli?
dead end of tiny clusters of air sacs where gas exchange happens
61
how many parents are in asexual reproduction
One
62
what is mitotic cell division
when one parent cells divides into two genetically identical daughter cells
63
what are gemmules
specialized groups of cells that grow into new individuals
64
what is fragmentation and regeneration in asexual reproduction?
breaking body into parts, some parts regenerate into complete organisms
65
how many parents are there in sexual reproduction?
2 diploid parents produce haploid gametes (sperm + egg)
66
sexual gametes fuse to form what?
diploid (2nchromosomes) zygote
67
what are some advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
advantages: no need to find mates reduced costs very productive suited to stable favourable environment disadvantages: limited genetic variability and diversity vulnerable to environmental changes, parasites and disease
68
what are some advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction ?
Advantages: creates genetic diversity and unique combinations of genes potential to cope with rapidly changing environments less vulnerable to parasites and diseases disadvantages: more costly need to find mate/s risk losing locally adapted stable gene complexes
69
what is Isogamy and anisogamy?
Isogamy: same sized gametes (iso = same) anisogamy = unequal gametes
70
what is external and internal fertilisation?
external - eggs shed by female and ferilized my males sperm in the environment internal - sperm depositied in or near female reproductive tract, fertilization takes place in reproductive tract
71
what is hermaphroditism?
Male and Female capable of producing eggs and sperm
72
What are the three functions of the nervous system?
Sensory input, collect information and then via sensory neurons send to an integrative centre integration, interpretation by interneurons leads to an appropriate response, integration in ventral nervous system (brain and spinal cord in vertebrates) Motor output, signal conduction from central nervous system to effector cells
73
what are dendrites?
highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons
74
what is the axon in neurons?
axon longer extension that transmits signal to other cells at synapses, may be covered with a myelin sheath
75
how does a neuron work?
neurons at a resting state, need a big enough stimulus that it alters the membrane opening and closing some of the ion channels, leads to change in charge to initiate an action potential being passed down the axon
76
what is the difference between exteroreceptors and interoreceptors ?
Extero = detect stimuli outside the body such as heat light pressure chemicals Intero= within the body, blood pressure, body position
77
what is sensory transduction?
opening or closing of ion channels in plasma membrane
78
What is amplification?
strengthening of the stimulus enerygy
79
what is Transmission?
transfer of the stimulus energy (nerve impulse) to the CNS
80
what is integration
Summation of the signals to the brain higher cognitive abilities
81
what is sensory adaptation
decrease in responsiveness during continued stimulation
82
where can essential amino acids be obtained from?
meat, eggsm cheese and other animal products. Plants products are deficient in one or more essential amino acids
83
what are vitamins?
organic molecules neededd in small amounts
84
what is undernourishment and malnourishment
undernourishment - insufficient calories provided in diet malnourishment - essential nutrients missing

sem 2 (13 decks)

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