PABWE EXAM Flashcards
list the 3 r’s in animal research
reduce, refine, replacement
name one person who has been important to the public debate on use f animals and briefly what their contribution has been
Ruth Harrison
investigated farming practice before publishing animal machines in 1964
briefly outline two possible limitations in the use of cortisol as a measure of animal welfare
- cortisol can increase from handling of the animal and doesnt reflect environment
- cortisol levels can increase or decrease depending on the time of day dependent on species
what are 4 types of social behaviour and what are their effects on the actor and the recipient ?
mutual benefit - benefits both actor and recipient
altruism - negative to actor benefit to recipient
selfishness - benefit to the actor negative to the receiver
spite - negative to both actor and receiver
ethology rose from which scientific discipline? what types of animals did ethologists mostly study?
ethology arose from zoology and studies animal behaviour, ethologists mostly study insects, birds and fish
briefly describe an example of artificial selection that demonstrates behaviour can be influenced by genetics of an animal.
russian geneticist bred foxes selecting for tameness, pysical changes occured such as star shaped pattern on the face, floppy ears, rolled tails, similar to domestic dog breeds. showed how tameness had physical traits linked to them
briefly describe how large corporations can influence animal welfare
large coorporations can change standards for alot of there suppliers which creates better welfare for animals, further more this creates a domino effect as other large coorporations will then be pressured to catch on and create the same or similar standards especially important in public perception.
why would you use multiple physiological and behavioural measures when assessing animal welfare?
because stress causes both physiological and behavioural changes
different species display stress differently, for example dogs show pain more obviously than cows who are more lowkey
outline 3 things that you could do to reduce the risk of poor welfare during recreational fishing
- using wethands and gloves to reduce damage or irritation to eyes, gills and skin
- large circle hook, hooks mouth instead of gut
- of caught from deeper than 10 metres expect barotrauma and slaughter
briefly outline 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages for animals living in large groups
\+'s shared parenting hunting efficiency safety from prey helping ill or weak mates
-‘s
competition for resources
spreading of disease
competition for mates
how do the needs of the public and the needs of the animals conflict when considering design of an eclosure for a zoo anima;s? ***
design must allow for good human viewership but must also allow for animals to feel comfortable and have hideaways
zoo must have all access for children and wheelchair bound people.
provide a definition for animal sentience
capable of being aware of its surroundings, sensations such as fear hunger heat and cold and emotions, it is aware of what is happening to its self and other animals..
why is animal sentience an important concept in animal welfare science?
helps us understand the needs of animals
helps us understand the positive and negative effective states that animals can feel
allows for greater public perception of animals
what are the 5 causes of immediate failure in the audits conducted by temple grandin of beef abattoirs in the us?
1 probing in sensitive areas of the cow 2dragging non abulatpry animals 3driving other animals over the top of one another on purpose 4slamming gates on cows on purpose 5beating an animal
describe a behavioural test you could use to determine the motivation of dairy cows to access fresh pasture?
motivation conditioning test, see which cows prefer, how willing cows are to get to fresh pasture (elastic, inelastic)
discuss the measures that have been used as evidence for cognition in animals. Include specific examples in animals in your response
- object permeance (several birds and apes reach high level)
- episodic memory (declaritive and procedural) in labrats and scrub jays)
- self recognition (magpies recognise bright sticken on them in mirror and get it off but dont for black sticker)
- categorical learning (african grey parrot able to remember objects shapes colours and request or deny stuff)
- complex behaviour (assasin bug baits other insects out to eat)
- theory of mind (scrub jays will hide there food in quieter substrate then noisier ones especially when other birds are around)
- tool use (crows using sticks to get to food)
you are evaluating an application to an animal ethics committee for the use of mice to test a new drug to treat cancer. Describe 5 areas in the application likely to be important in your final decision on whether the application should be approved or rejected
severity of procedures
number of individuals, species used
adverse effects
objectives, goals
potential benefits to humans and animals
you have been asked to set up a study to determine if playing audiobooks to dogs in a shelter has a positive impact on their welfare. describe physiological and behavioural measures you would use in the dogs to answer this quesiton
physiological measures -heart rate -seretonin levels -weight loss and weight gain -susceptibility to disease behavioural -tail wagging -face tension, stress -whale eye -whimpering vocalisation -excessive licking, panting, yawning -interaction towards humans
to prevent future food shortages increased intensification of poultry and pig production is needed with unavoidable compromises in animal welfare
- disagree
- intensification requires more natural resources to upkeep an inefficient way of making food (100 calories of plant matter translates to 3 cals of meat matter for humans)
- intensification will cause poorer animal welfare through overcrowding, disease and workers having more animals to manage.
- historically much less meat was consumed which shows society CAN have diets with less meat in it
- methane emmisions from ruminants will get worse and methane is more potent than co2 as a greenhouse gas and trapping heat.
do you think commercial cloning of dogs should be allowed, or not? provide reasons to back up your answer.
describe the ethical theory you have used .
no
- cloning requires 2 dogs to be operated on (one for eggs and one to carry the pregnancy) this means two dogs to be operated on which causes some distres sas it required being cut open
- as cloning gains more traction it will become more popular which means it will use more dogs as surrogates and to take eggs from causing unnecasary harm to the animals
- the success rate is <50 percent which means dogs are being operated on for somehting that might not even work.
- there are dogs that do not have homes and are being kept in shelters and kill shelters. this doesnt promote getting a rescue as some people will be more inclined to clone there own dog
I have used the animal rights approach because all sentient beings should not be put through harm for human benefit.
briefly list 5 potential signs of pain in both a dog and a dairy cow
increased heart rate increased respiratory rate vocalisation pupil dilation increased cortisol levels
what is refinement in the 3 rs ?
refinement is any decrease in the incidence or severity of “inhumane” procedures applied to those animals that still have to be used
what is reduction in the 3 rs ?
the goal of reduction is to reduce the numbers of animals used to obtain information of a given amount of precision
what is replacement in the 3R’s
defined as the substitution for conscious living higher animals of insentient material
