psych 2

Question 1

Hobbes Views(1651)

Answer 1

Believed humans inherently selfish.

Question 2

Rousseau Views (1762)

Answer 2

Believed children born with intuitive sense of right/wrong.

Question 3

Darwin (1859)

Answer 3

Coined “natural selection” rather than “survival of the fittest”.

Question 4

Kin Selection Theory

Answer 4

Individuals with altruistic traits will sacrifice their chances of reproduction if it will increase the chances of relatives reproducing.

Question 5

Burnstein et al. Study (1994)

Answer 5

Burnstein et al. (1994) conducted a study presenting participants with life-or-death scenarios.

Participants showed a greater tendency to help:

Close kin compared to distant kin.

Healthy relatives over sick ones.

Question 6

Euler & Witzel (1996)

Answer 6

Asked participants to recall grandparental treatment during childhood.

Maternal grandmothers reported as the most affectionate overall.

Question 7

Reciprocal Altruism

Answer 7

Reciprocating kind deeds that benefit

Question 8

Greenberg & Shapiro Study (1971)

Answer 8

Objective of the Study:

To investigate how the potential to reciprocate influences people’s likelihood of asking for help.

Findings:

Participants were more likely to ask for help if they saw the other person struggling and believed they could reciprocate later. They were less likely to ask for help if they couldn’t return the favor in the future.

Question 9

Sanfey et al. (2003)

What part of the brain is more active during rejection.

Answer 9

Right anterior insula

Question 10

Sanfey et al. (2003)

What part of the brain is associated with negative emotional states: pain, distress, anger, disgust.

Answer 10

Insula

Question 11

de Quervain et al., 2004 Study

What part of the brain was active during punishment decisions.

Answer 11

caudate nucleus

Caudate nucleus part of reward circuits in the brain.

Question 12

Group Selection Theory

Answer 12

Natural selection operates at group level.

Question 13

Hamlin & Wynn (2011) Study

Answer 13

Infants show preference for helpful over hindering puppets.

Question 14

Warneken & Tomasello (2006)

Answer 14

Guy drops marker, doesnt ask for help

In several contexts, most 18-month-olds realized experimenter needed help and spontaneously helped him

Question 15

What part of the brain is associated with: Negative affective empathy (distress)

Answer 15

Anterior insula

Question 16

what part of the brain is associated with: Positive affective empathy (compassion)

Answer 16

Corpus striatum and orbitofrontal cortex

Question 17

Singer and Klimecki (2014) Study

Answer 17

Negative empathy activates anterior insula.

Compassion activates corpus striatum and orbitofrontal cortex.

Question 18

Segal (2000) Study

Answer 18

Identical twins more likely to help each other on puzzle-solving task compared to fraternal twins.

94% of identical twins spontaneously helped each other, while only 46% of fraternal twins did.