FINAL 2

Question 1

When is a behavior said to be overdetermined

Answer 1

when it has multiple causes

Question 2

Lorenz (1966) Hydraulic Model of Aggression:

Answer 2

Aggressive urges build up like water in a dam.

Can be safely released with an external cue (e.g., contact sports).

If not released, urges overflow, causing spontaneous aggression.

“Dam bursts” analogy for aggressive outbursts.

Applies to animal behaviour
Not supported in humans

Question 3

Daly & Wilson (2005)

Answer 3

Step-parents far more likely [than biological parents] to abuse or murder their children

Question 4

Buss; Men aggress for 2 reasons

Answer 4

Men aggress for 2 reasons

1. establish dominance over other males
2. ensure that their female partner is not sexually involved with another male.

Question 5

Young male syndrome

Answer 5

Men in their reproductive prime are most likely to commit murder.

jealoousy

Question 6

Fisher & Cox (2010):

Answer 6

Women engage in verbal aggression towards rivals.

Question 7

Raine, 2008:

Answer 7

identical twins more likely to both have criminal records.

Question 8

Denson et al., 2009

Answer 8

After being insulted, Ps with low-functioning MAOA showed higher levels of anger and hostility

Question 9

Freud’s Dual Instinct Theory

Answer 9

Eros = life instincts

basic survival, pleasure, reproduction

Thanatos = “death” instinct

Re-direct self-destructive instinct toward other people

Added after WWI

Question 10

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

Dollard 1939

2 points

and 2 flaws

Answer 10

Frustration always leads to aggression.

Frustration is the only cause of aggression.

2 flaws
Non-Frustrated Aggression: hiring a hitman

Frustration Without Aggression: mad bc of bus late

Question 11

Displacement:

Answer 11

People often redirect their anger towards someone or something unrelated to its cause.

Question 12

Catharsis:

Answer 12

Catharsis is the process of releasing strong or repressed emotions to achieve emotional relief.

Question 13

Revised Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

Berkowitz (1989)

Answer 13

Any unpleasant stimulus can provoke aggression, not just frustration.
Examples: Heat, rejection, physical pain.

Question 14

Cognitive Neoassociation Model

Answer 14

This model explains how negative feelings can lead to either aggressive (fight) or non-aggressive (flight) responses based on context and situational factors.

Question 15

Berkowitz & LePage (1967)

Answer 15

Purpose:
To investigate how the presence of guns influences aggressive behavior, particularly in response to provocation.

Findings:
Participants who received negative feedback (seven shocks) were more likely to retaliate aggressively.

When angered, participants exposed to guns gave more shocks than those with badminton rackets.

The presence of guns amplified aggressive responses specifically when participants were already provoked.

Question 16

Weapons effect:

Answer 16

the tendency for weapons to enhance aggressive thoughts, feelings, & actions

Question 17

Turner et al. 1975

Answer 17

Purpose:
To examine how the presence of aggressive cues, like guns and aggressive bumper stickers, influences aggression in a traffic scenario.

Findings:
Participants were more likely to honk sooner and for longer durations when aggressive cues (gun rack with rifle, bumper sticker saying “Vengeance!”) were visible in the pickup truck ahead.

The presence of aggressive cues heightened aggressive responses among drivers behind the pickup truck.

Question 18

Excitation Transfer Theory

Answer 18

arousal from one event can carry over and intensify emotional reactions to a later, unrelated event

Question 19

Zillmann et al. 1972

Answer 19

Purpose:
To investigate whether arousal from non-anger sources (like exercise) can increase aggression in response to negative feedback.

Findings:
Participants received feedback on their essays via electric shocks, indicating either strong disagreement (strong shock) or agreement (weak shock) with their arguments.

Participants then engaged in either non-strenuous (threading discs) or strenuous (pedalling an exercise bike) tasks, which varied in physiological arousal levels.

When participants were angered by negative feedback and subsequently engaged in vigorous exercise, they exhibited higher aggression levels in a teacher-learner task.

Question 20

Script

Answer 20

knowledge in our brain that helps us understand how events happen in order

Question 21

Bobo Doll Study Bandura 1963

Answer 21

Purpose: To investigate how children learn aggressive behaviors through observation (modeling) of adults or cartoon characters.

Findings
Children who observed a live adult model or a filmed adult model being aggressive toward a Bobo doll were more likely to imitate the aggressive actions during free play.

The level of imitation was higher when models were realistic and when aggression was positively reinforced (praised) rather than punished.

This study demonstrates that children can learn and imitate aggressive behaviors from observing models, which can influence their own behavior in similar situations.

Question 22

Social Learning Theory of Aggression

Answer 22

Aggression is learned through observing and imitating others.

Question 23

The General Aggression Model

Answer 23

The General Aggression Model (GAM) says aggression results from how people interpret situations: they can lead to aggressive thoughts, feelings, and arousal. People with certain traits might respond more aggressively. Before acting, they decide if aggression fits the situation based on their values and consequences.
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