Psych Flashcards
1
Q
Positive reinforcement
A
Desirable stimulus added after behavior increases
2
Q
Negative reinforcement
A
Undesirable stimulus removed after behavior increases
3
Q
Positive punishment
A
Undesirable stimulus added after behavior decreases
4
Q
Negative Punishment
A
Desirable stimulus removed after behavior decreases
5
Q
Avoidance learning
A
Future undesirable stimulus prevented, neg. reinforcement
6
Q
Escape learning
A
Current undesirable stimulus removed, neg. reinforcement
7
Q
Webers law
A
Shows just noticable difference, as intensity increases, differences increases
8
Q
Webers law equation
A
delta I= IK
9
Q
Absolute threshhold
A
intensity needed to detect
10
Q
somatosensation
A
thermo, mechano (pressure), noci (Pain), propioperception (position)
11
Q
What determines intensity
A
neuron firing speed
12
Q
Vestibular system
A
balance and spatial awareness in the inner ear
13
Q
What do canals of the ear detect
A
head rotation
14
Q
signal detection theory
A
what point can we detect a signal? Can be a hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection
15
Q
Bottom up processing
A
how stimulus influences perception
16
Q
Top down processing
A
use knowledge or expectations to influence perception
17
Q
Gestalts theory uses….
A
similarity, pragnanz, proximity, conitunity (smooth path), closure (see as whole)
18
Q
Pragnanz (gestalt)
A
organize to simplest form
19
Q
Outer eye
A
sclera
20
Q
Lens
A
bends light
21
Q
Iris
A
color, controls pupil
22
Q
cornea
A
bends light and protects eye
23
Q
aqueous humor
A
fluid in cornea
24
Q
ciliary body
A
changes lens shape
25
pupil
contracts and expands to let light in
26
vitreous humor
gel, holds lens
27
retina
has photoreceptors
28
Fovea
has cones
29
choroid
nourishes outer layers
30
Photoreceptors
rods and cones in the retina convert light to neural impulse
31
Rods
sensitive, night vision, periphery
32
What happens to rods when theres light
rods turn off and bipolar turn on which signals ganglia to signal the brain
33
Cones
less, color vision, centered in fovea, shows red, green, blue, and details
34
parvocells
sees stationary objects, has detail and color in hypothalamus
35
mangocells
in hypothalamus, sees movement but no features
36
parallel processing
see color, form, and motion simultaneously
37
optic chiasm
where right and left fields converge
38
pinna
outer ear, funnels to auditory canal and ear drum
39
ear drum
vibrates bones (malleus, incus, stapes)
40
oval window
attatches to stapes, vibrates and then signals cochlea
41
cochlea
vibrations hit fluid which moves to round window which signals the organ of corti and brain via auditory nerve
42
organ of corti
prevents fluid from going to the oval window
43
How does the brain recieve auditory signals
motion triggers hair cells, which allows K and Ca to flow and release Action Potential, this stimulates auditory nerve and brain
44
basilar tuning
cochlea distinguished sound: high frequencies activate the base, low frequencies activates hair at apex which fires AP
45
somatosensory homunculus
map of body in the brain
46
vomeronasal
detects pheromone signals and tells amygdala
47
alpha waves
relaxed and awake state, low frequency
48
beta waves
normal wake state, concentration
49
theta waves
light sleep, drowsy, meditation
50
N1 sleep
between sleep and wake, begin to make theta waves
51
N2 sleep
more theta waves, sleep spindle and K (keeps us asleep)
52
N3 sleep
slow waves, delta is deep sleep
53
REM sleep
dreaming, paralyzed, brain active
54
Freuds sleep theory
dreams represent unconcious feelings, two types: manifest (whats happening), and latent (what the hidden meaning)
55
Activation synthesis hypothesis
dreams are the brain making sense of random signals from the brain stem
56
Opiates
decrease CNS, relax, decrease HR/BP
57
Reward pathway
increase dopamine, decrease seratonin
58
dopamine
made in VTA, sent to amygdala, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus
59
Divided attention
paying attention to multiple tasks
60
Selective attention
select and focus on certain imput while supressing irrelevant
61
inattentional blindness
not focused, didnt notice even though it was right in front of you
62
change blindness
do not notice a change
63
exogenous cues
attention due to physical properties
64
endogenous cues
involve internal knowledge to understand (name, arrow)
65
late selection
assign meaning then select what to bring awareness to
66
early selection
all information is stored then selected out for processing
67
Working memory
7 plus or minus 2 peices of information, short term
68
explicit memory
declarative, can be clearly described... facts or events
69
Types of explicit memory
semantic (simple, words), episodic (events)
70
Implicit memory
cant define clearly with words (ex: riding a bike)
71
Types of implicit memory
procedural or priming (influenced by previous events)
72
Encoding
bringing from temporary to permanent memory
73
retroactive interference
when new information impairs old information
74
proactive interference
past learning impairs new
75
what parts of memory/ reasoning decreases with age
recall, episodic, processing speed, divided attention
76
semantic network
concepts are organized by connected ideas
77
spreading activation
activating one area activates related concepts (due to semantic network)
78
Piagets stages of learning
sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete, formal
79
Sensorimotor stage
0-2 years old, object permanence
80
Pre Operational stage
2-7 years old, pretend play, symbols, egocentric
81
Concrete operational
7-11 years old, conservation and math
82
Formal operational stage
12+ years old, morals, consequences and abstract
83
heuristics
mental shortcut, reduces attempts to try or make decision which minimal effort
84
Availability heuristic
bias based on what comes to mind, memory
85
Representative heurisitc
quick judgements , judging as similar to prototype
86
belief perserverance bias
ignoring disconfirming facts
87
confirmation bias
seek only confirming facts
88
framing effect
bias based on how something is framed
89
fluid intelligence
reasoning
90
crystalized intelligence
accumulates and increases with age , ability to use knowledge
91
Theory of multiple intelligence
more than just book smarts, and intelligence is independent of other types.
92
What types of reasoning increases with age
semantic memory (until 60), crystalized, IQ, emotional reasoning
93
cognitive dissonance
discomfort due to inconsistent cognitions- we modify make less important, or make it matter less, or deny - in order to get harmony
94
Hawthorne effect
behaving differently due to one knowing that they are being observed
95
Relative deprivation
Discontent when people feel they are deprived of something that they feel entitled to
96
Push and pull factors
explain migration, what pushes someone out of one area and what drives them to a new one
97
globalization
increasing integration of cultures due to innovations- share money, culture, products
98
social capital
friends, family
99
cultural capital
education, hardwork, attractiveness
100
cultural relativism
theres no right or wrong cultural practices
101
ethnocentrism
judging ones culture relative to your own
102
Brocas area
speech, expression, left frontal
103
Wernickes
understanding, temporal
104
What connects brocas and wernickes area
arcurate fasiculus
105
agraphia
cant write
106
anomia
cant name
107
corpus callosum
connects 2 brain hemispheres
108
universalism
thoughts come before language, thoughts determine language
109
Piagent theory of language
thoughts influence language
110
Vigotsky theory of language
language and though are independent but we learn to connect them
111
linguistic determinism (weak vs. strong)
language influences thought ... wharfian belives it determines thought (strong determinism)
112
Nativist
children are born with the ability to learn language, critical period (0-9)
113
Learning theory
language is acquired through reinforcement
114
Interactionist
biological and social factors interact for language
115
Limbic system
hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus
116
Thalamus
relay station, connects to reticular
117
amygdala
emotions
118
hippocampus
short to long term memory
119
hypothalamus
regulated Autonomic NS and hormone release, physiological component of emotion
120
What sides of the brain affects emotion
positive on left, negative on right
121
prefrontal cortex
modulates emotions/ behavior
122
Autonomic NS
bodily reactions. Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic
123
Sympathetic NS
fight or flight: pupils dialate, decrease digestions, increase HR, RR glucose, and adrenaline
124
Parasympathetic NS
rest and digest: pupils constrict, increase digestions, decresase HR, increase glucose storage
125
universal emotions
happy, sad, disgust, fear, anger, surprise, contempt
126
Cannon Bard theory
physiological response and emotions are simultaneous, but independent - subcortical part of brain
127
Lazarus theory
Labels and appraisal lead to emotions, based on experiences, culture, and situation
128
Types of stress
primary is irrelevant, secondary is harm/ threat
129
Types of stressors
life change, catastrophy, daily hassles, ambient stressors (unaware, integrated into society, ex is pollution)
130
Areas of brain involved in stress
frontal cortex, hippocampus
131
Brain stem
midbrain, pons, medulla
132
Afferent neurons
to CNS
133
Efferent neurons
away from CNS
134
atrophy vs. hypotonia
atrophy is decrease in muscle bulk, hypotonia is decrease in muscle tone
135
white matter
myelinated, outside of spine, inner brain
136
grey matter
neuron somas, outside of brain, inner spine
137
parietal
somatosensory, spatial awareness
138
occipital
vision
139
temporal
auditory, wernickes
140
reticular formation
filter, sleep/wake, alertness
141
cerebellum
coordinates movement, voluntary , motor plans
142
glutamate
reticular activating, conciousness
143
acetylcholine
basal and septal nuclei
144
histamine
hypothalamus
145
Norepinephrine
pons
146
serotonin
brain stem
147
CAT scan
X ray image of brain
148
MRI
radiowaves with magnetic fields, makes a more detailed image
149
EEG
electrodes show electric activity
150
fMRI
measure oxygenated blood in brain to see active
151
PET scan
radioactive glucose is injected to see whats active
152
Parathyroid hormone
regulates calcium
153
Rooting reflex
stroke cheeck, turn towards
154
babinsky reflex
stroke foot, curl toes
155
Moro-reflex
Startle-> throw arms forward
156
temperment
emotional reactivity, established at birth and persists with age
157
drive reduction theory
interaction of drives and needs
158
optimal arousal
seek excitement and full alertness
159
cognitive approach
rational decisions
160
Maslows Needs
Physiological, saftey, love, esteem, self actualization
161
Incentive theory
positive reinforcement through positive stimulation, positive meaning towards behavior
162
Attitude
learned tendency to evaluate theory (affective, behavior, and cognitive)
163
Behavior process model
attitude/events influence behavior
164
planned behavior
intentions influence attitude and behavior
165
prototype willingness model
previous behavior, attitudes, norms, intentions, willingness, and prototypes influence behavior
166
Elaboration liklihood for persuasion
why/how, quality of argument and nonverbal cue influence persuasion, shapes attitudes and behavior
167
Methods of how behavior shapes attitudes
foot in door (agree to small then larger), role playing (when you adopt new roles it becomes normal)
168
attribution
infer causes of behavior and events based on consistency/ distinctiveness
169
Psychoanalytic perspective
childhood and unconcious desires influence behavior
170
Freud psychoanalytic perspective
libido- fuels- fixation at stage influences personality and causes conflict
171
id
unconcious, immediate gratification
172
ego
perception, thoughts, judgements- long term gratification
173
superego
moral, concious
174
Freudian slip
mental slip, conflict between stage and gratification
175
Humanistic theory
free will, can reach self actualization, behavior is determined by concious, and we are inherently good
176
behavior theory
personality is due to interactions between individual and enviornment
177
Operant conditioning
reward and punishment to change behavior
178
Classical conditioning
creates associations, leared response when paired with unconditioned stimulus or response. Becomes conditioned when learned
179
BIG 5 personality traits
openness, conscientious, extravert, agreeable, neurotocism
180
Schizophrenia
increase of dopamine, disorganized, delusions, hallucinations, isolation. Involves altered frontal or temporal lobes. Mesocortical limbic pathway
181
Depression
hopelessness, affects day to day. Frontal and limbic structures. Imbalanced cortisol
182
PTSD
bad memories of past events impact life. Last more than four weeks AFTER event
183
somatic symptom disorder
any symptom, causes worry and stress
184
Conversion disorder
unexplainable neuro symptoms
185
Facticious disorder
faking something for attention
186
Personality disorder
A= Odd, ecentric, B: dramatic, emotional, C: anxiety/fear
187
Types of A personality disorders
paranoid, schizoid (emotionally detattched), shizotypal (odd beliefs, detatched)
188
Types of B personality disorders
antisocial, borderline (unstable, impulsive), histronic (attention seeking), narcisisstic
189
Types of C personality disorders
avoidant, dependendent, obsessive or compulsive pd (order and control)
190
Parkinsons
motor abornmalities, metal dysfunction, tremor, slow, poor balance- loss of substantia niagra (poor communication between neurons)
191
Major depressive
prolonged helpless, lack of energy, decreased self esteem, decreased activity of prefrontal cortex
192
Bipolar disorder 1 vs. 2
1: full mania, extreme 2: hypomania, mild
193
group polarization
amplifies original opinion, confirmation bias. People leave feeling more confident
194
group think
prioritizes harmony
195
Milgram experiement
Can people commit horrific acts under orders? yes- people will obey even if harming
196
Zimbardo stanford prison experiement
how social norms influence behavior. People adopt officer role and exhibit harsh control. How situation influences behavior
197
What influences obediance?
group unity, unaminity, admiration, observationsal influence, proximity, authority, defiance model
198
Bystander effect
when responsibility is diffused, we are less likely to help
199
deindividuation
tendency to act impulsive or anti social as identity is concealed
200
social facilitation
change in performance due to audience/ arousal. Presence of others increases likelihood of dominant response
201
social loafing
reduced effort in a group (due to ones individual effort not being evaluated)
202
taboos
forbiden behavior
203
mores
based on moral values
204
folkways
everyday courtesies
205
deviance
violate normes
206
differential association
deviance is learned from others
207
labelling theory
deviance depends on societal judgement
208
strain theory
blocked goals leads to deviance, pressure due to social factors leads to deviance (access to goals determines deviance)
209
collective behavior
rapid actions that defy norms, short lived
210
FADS
popular quick, and unpopular quick
211
Mass hysteria
dellusion and anxiety spreads
212
riots
chaotic acts of defiance
213
generalization
similar stimuli elicit the same response
214
discrimination response
helps differentiation of response to different stimuli
215
operant conditioning
behavior vs. consequences (reinforcement/ punishment) - result of behavior (NOT A TRIGGER)
216
Positive reinforcement vs. negative reinforcement
positive add to encourage behavior, negative removes to encourage behavior
217
positive vs. negative punishment
positive adds a consequence to deter behavior, negative removes something to decrease behavior
218
shaping
oerant conditioning that is gradual leads to target
219
habituation
decrease in the response to a stimulus after prolonged experience to stimulus
220
escape learning
reaction to terminate unpleasant stimulus
221
avoidant learning
prevent a unpleasant stimulus
222
Bobo experiement
learn agression by observing
223
learning performance distinction
not performing a behavior does not mean they did not learn
224
banduras theory
attention, memory, imitation, motivation
225
non associative learning
no reinforcement/ punishment. Habituation and sensitization
226
sensitization
increase response when more stimulus
227
Elaboration liklihood model
central: deep thinking will lead to long lasting attitude change. Peripheral: superficial thinking will lead to temporary attitude change (decreased interest, motivation, importance)
228
recipricoal determinism
behavior, cognition, and enviornment interact with and influence behavior
229
Self concept
how one percieves self
230
Self esteem
respect one has for self
231
Self efficacy
belief in ones capability to succeed
232
freud psychosexual stages
issues between tension and pleasure... fixation at one stage affects adulthood- oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital
233
Freud oral stage
mouth, 0-1, feeding- smoke, eat, nailbite
234
Freud Phallic stage
genitals- 3-6, oediups-> sexual dysfunction
235
Freud Anal Stage
anus, 1-3, toilet training -> order/mess
236
Freud latent stage
6-12, socialism
237
Freud genital stage
12+, sexual maturity-> healthy
238
Kohlberg stages of morals
premoral, conventional, post conventional
239
Pre-moral development
obediance vs. punishment, individual vs, exchange (different views)
240
Conventional moral development
good boy and good girl (Conform) and social order
241
Post conventional development
social contract and universal ethics
242
stereotype
overgenerative, attribute a trait to group, can lead to prejudice and discrimination. COGNITIVE
243
Looking glass self theory
self image is shaped by perception of how others see us (how we appear, how they evaluate us, how we develop feelings based on these impressions)
244
fundamental attribution theory
attribute others errors to internal, we blame other people - but we attribute our own errors to external (shows actor observer bias)
245
collectivist attiubtion theory
failure is internal, but success is external
246
self serving bias
when we succeed, we think of personal qualities. Protects self esteem. external bias when theres a negative outcome
247
prejudice
emotional
248
discrimination
behavioral, differential treatment and harmful actions
249
stereotype threat
negative stereotypes can harm performance
250
self fufilling prophecy
internal stereotypes are reinforced over time- can become true
251
authoritarian personality
obediant to superior, certain personalities are more prone to prejudice (helps to cope)
252
frustration agression hypothesis
link frustration to prejudice, rechannel towards source (minority) when builds up- scapegoating
253
self stigma
people internalize negative views, affects esteem
254
primacy vs recency bias
primacy is importance of first impression, recency is importance of recent actions- midde events are overlooked
255
halo vs. devil effect
positive overall impression leads us to mark all traits as good, negative= percieve as poor
256
Just world hypothesis
people get outcomes they deserve, rationalize fortunes and misfortunes but dont focus on situations
257
Mere exposure effect
repeated exposure will increase liking
258
attractive traits
clear skin, young, symmetric, AVERAGE
259
harlow monkey experiment
attatchment is based on comfort, not nourishment- chose cloth mother vs. wire mother with food
260
altruism traits
kindness towards others, influenced by kinship, recipricoal benefits, and social signals
261
emotional support
love, affection, trust
262
esteem support
encouragement
263
informational support
advice
264
companionship
social belonging
265
role strain
stress due to demands of a single role
266
role conflict
when demands of multiple roles clash
267
dramaturgical approach
how human behavior changes in social stages (front stage vs. backstage (private, we can be our selves)
268
ulitarian
members paid for effors
269
normative
shared goals leads to unity
270
bureacracy
structures and organizations, keeps them running. values efficient goals, has clear heirarchy
271
law of oligarchy
people at the top will come to prioritize staying in power instead of group goals
272
McDonaldization
policies of a fast food chain dominate other things. Traits (efficient, control, predictable, quantifiable)
273
ideal beuracracy
WEBER, formal selection and rules, impersonal, divided labor, career orientation (follow rules), heirarchy
274
Peter principle
people will get promoted until they are incompetent (cannot move up any more)
275
Assortative mating
mate with those who are similar, will increase fitness
276
Inclusive fitness
looks at number of offspring, how they support them, and how they support eachother
277
evoultionary game theory
behaviors evolve for survival and reproduction. Stradegies depend on group behaviors
278
Altruism
concern for others - risk individual to benefit group
279
social exchange theory
atruism exists when benefits outweigh costs
280
macrosocial
large scale, analyze patterns
281
microsocial
small scale, how interactions influence patterns
282
functionalism
society as interconnected structures working towards equilibrium and stability- not focused on individual
283
latent function vs. manifest function
latent is unintended, manifest is intended outcome
284
capitalism
economic inequality leads to social change (facory vs. workers- strive to move up, interdependent)
285
conflict theory
focuses on inqualities between groups, social life is a competition between resources and power- they argue for power to change the status quo/ society
286
social constructionism
knowledge and reality are shaped by social agreement - weak is basic truth and fact. Strong is reality, and depends on social constructs
287
symbolic interactionism
actions are based on assigned meaning to things
288
rational choice theory
people make choices to maximize personal gain / assess cost benefit
289
exchange theory
rewards and punishment influence behavior - want max reward
290
gender identity
perception of self
291
moderinzation theory
all countries develop similarily (from lower to modern)
292
dependency theory
shows inequalities, poor gives resources to developed countries but remains poor, based on how they are integrated into worl theory, remain dependent and cannot grow
293
world systems theory
world as unit, fluid model where peripheral nations are underdeveloped, sell raw products to wealthier countries- can increase value of a product by turning into luxury item- both remain in same social status - inequal wealth
294
relative deprivation theory
deprived-> deserve better -> current methods wont help (think they deserve better in compared to someone else, leads to feeling of inequality)
295
resource mobilization theory
success of social movement depends on resources
296
What happens during action potential process
AP causes voltage change towards threshhold. Na channels open causing depolarization, they close, K opens and cell hyperpolarizes
297
Hyperpolarization
too much K leaves cell via K leak channels and voltage K channels. When too low, K closesn
298
Steps of AP release
Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization
299
Na K pump
3 sodium bind, aptase converts ATP to ADP, causing a shape change so Na can leave on other side, and 2 K bind, shape change, released inside (3 Na out, 2 K in- outside is more +)
300
What does posterior pituitary secrete
oxytocin and vassopressin
301
amino acid neurotransmitters
glutamate (excitatory), glycine, GABA
302
Peptide neurotransmitters
opioids, endorphins
303
monoamine neurotransmitters
seratonin, histamine, CAT, epi, norepi, dopamine, catecholamines
304
sapir whorf hypothesis
language impacts our cognitive process and perception of the world
305
Where does the VTA send dopamine
amygdala (emotions), nucleus accumbens (motor), prefrontal cortex (attention/ planning), hippocampus (memory)
306
Mesolimbic pathway
nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus- reward pathway
307
Assimilation
we incorporate new experiences according to current schemas
308
Accommodation
we adjust existing schemas to incorporate new experience (CHANGE)
309
disequilibrium
something doesnt fit into current schema so we have to accomodate to restore equilibrium
310
Normative social influence
Asch Experiment: Participants conform to groups incorrect answer at least once due to percieved pressure to fit in with those around
311
Informational social influence
doubted wrong response, if they all give answer it must be correct, they are better informed
312
ecological validity
conditions in study mimic real world
313
actor observer bias
actors explain own behavior as related to external situation, but observers explain behavior as related to internal factors
314
cognitive appraisal theory
personal interpretation of situations that trigger stress
315
Schaeter singer theory
interaction of physiological arousal and cognition creates emotion (arousal is cognitivley interpreted within context leading to emotion)
316
James Lange theory
emotions arise from physiological arousal (perception of body changes leads to emotion) Ex. increase HR then feel fear
317
external validity
generalization, applying results to population
318
internal validity
does it show a causal relationship
319
reliability
stable, consistent, replicable results
320
validity
did it measure what it was trying to measure
321
right skewed
median < mean... peak on right
322
bourgeoisie vs. proleteriat
bourgeoisie is minority, proleteriat is majority (workers with little resources) are interdependent
323
social disorganization theory
crime is most likely to occur in areas with weak social ties
324
cultural deviance theory
conforming to social norms of lower class leads to crime
325
differntial association theory
people learn deviant behaviors from people close to them
326
medicalization
the process in which something is treated as a medical issue
327
semantic memory
recall words
328
What type of drug is cocaine
stimulant
329
malthusian theory
war, famine, disease control population numbers and keep it in check, also have preventative checks (birth control)
330
zero population growth theory
enviornment influences population, want zero growth as we move to enviornmental collapse due to privledged people
331
cornucopian theory
human ingenuity can resolve enviornmental or social issues
332
What happens to population before industrialization
starts with high birth, death (before) then high birth, low death, high life expectance during industrialization
333
What happens to population after industrialization
birth rate declined, exptancy increases. then after complete change, birth and death are low. High expectancy= stabilize
334
demographic transition model
population growth model, explores population growth/death/expectancy before, during, and after industrialization (high rate to low)
335
cognitive schema
knowledge structures that determine ones expectations in different contexts
336
intersectionality
overlap between different identities that we hold
