psych Flashcards
The retina functions to:
detect light rays and convert them into signals for the brain to process.
Functional fixedness
Functional fixedness refers to people’s tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions, which can inhibit solving problems.
Confirmation bias
The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.
Availability heuristic
The availability heuristic refers to the tendency to estimate the likelihood of events based on how easily (i.e., how rapidly) examples of those events can be retrieved from memory.
distress criterion
The distress criterion takes into account whether the behavior demonstrates unusual or prolonged levels of stress.
maladaptiveness criterion
The maladaptiveness criterion takes into account whether the behavior negatively impacts the person’s life or poses a threat to others.
statistical deviancy criterion
The statistical deviancy criterion takes into account whether the behavior is statistically rare.
social norms criterion
The violation of social norms criterion takes into account whether the behavior violates social norms.
A person is struggling to achieve generativity, rather than stagnation. In terms of Erikson’s theory, this person is a(n):
According to Erikson’s theory, a middle-aged person struggles with generativity versus stagnation.
Operant Conditioning (Associative Learning)
**A process in which reinforcement (pleasurable consequences) and punishment (unpleasant consequences) are employed to mold behavior responses. **
Reinforment & Punishment
affective component of an attitude
The affective component of an attitude consists of the emotional experience evoked by the attitude object.
cognitive component of an attitude
The cognitive component of an attitude consists of an individual’s beliefs about the attitude object.
behavioral component of an attitude
The behavioral component of an attitude consists of the typical responses made when the individual is in the presence of the attitude object.
Alcohol dependence is most strongly indicated by:
Alcohol dependence is most strongly indicated by withdrawal symptoms.
obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms
Repetitive behaviors and unwanted cognitions are symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Which procedure is most effective for teaching a dog to shake hands?
Shaping
Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a behavior. It is utilized to establish a novel behavior.
monocular depth cue
Binocular depth cue
Disinhibition
Disinhibition refers to the inability to withhold an inappropriate or unwanted behavior. It can refer to the production of socially inappropriate comments or actions.
ex) Disinhibition is associated with binge drinking and often leads to risk taking, which can lead to preventable injuries.
role conflict
tensions stemming from multiple social roles
**
ex) support for family caregivers of dementia patients is also essential to help caregivers balance the demands of caregiving with their other social responsibilities. Balancing the demands of one role (caregiving) with other roles (other social responsibilities) defines role conflict.
Relative deprivation
Relative deprivation is the feeling that you are worse off than others in your social group. It can apply to tangible items like money or cars, or intangible items like social status or respect. For example, you might feel relatively deprived if you can only afford a hut but your neighbor has a big house
Symbolic interactionism
Symbolic interactionism posits that individuals develop a sense of self, or identity, through the interactions and relationships that they have with others. The theory suggests that social relationships are fundamental for individuals to develop a sense of who they are.
Cultural assimilation
Cultural assimilation is related to identity, but more specifically refers to the process by which an immigrant group adopts the dominant group’s cultural norms and values.
Auditory hair cells are what type of receptors?
Mechanoreceptors
Auditory hair cells deflect when the sound signal is transduced into vibrations in the inner ear. The auditory hair cells (such as stereocilia) bend towards the tallest stereocilium and connect to mechanically gated ion channels.
Proprioceptors
Proprioceptors are a type of sensor that helps an individual to determine the location of a body part and/or its position. These receptors are found within the vestibular system, muscles, and/or tendons.
Chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptors are specialized receptors that transduce chemical signals and generate an output. Chemoreceptors are found in the carotid bodies and the aortic arch.
Osmoreceptors
Osmoreceptors are usually located in the hypothalamus and they usually detect the change in osmotic pressures.
traditional behaviorist approach
A rigid behaviorist approach rejects SCT’s assumption that cognitions can act as motivators for behavior. Instead, it holds that only actual outcomes of a behavior determine whether that behavior will be repeated.
Extrinsic motivation
**Extrinsic motivation refers to any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the behavior itself. **
External motivation is described as social pressure, which is an example of extrinsic motivation.
self-serving bias,
wherein people tend to attribute their own successes to internal factors and attribute their own failures to external factors.
In addition, people will match their attributions about their own behavior to the attributions they make for their in-groups, because the in-group is treated as an extension of the self. If the in-group looks good, then the self looks good.
What two cognitive routes does the Elaboration-Likelihood Model propose?
1) Central route (people are persuaded by the content of the argument itself)
2) Peripheral route (people focus on superficial characters of the speech or orator)
What are three key elements to persuasion?
1) Message characteristics (features of the message itself)
2) Source characteristics (characteristics of the person or venue delivering the message)
3) Target characteristics (the characteristics of the person receiving the message)
What describes the belief that bad things happen to other because of their own actions or failure to act?
Just World belief
What describes the belief that bad things happen to other people but not to ourselves?
Optimism bias
What describes attributing our own actions to a situation?
Actor/observer bias
What describes attributing another person’s behavior to their personality?
Fundamental Attribution Error
What are Maslow’s hierarchy of needs from the bottom to top?
Physiological needs, Safety needs, love & belonging, Esteem needs, Self-actualization
What are the six universal emotions?
- Happiness
- Sadness
- Anger
- Disgust
- Fear
- Surprise
What brain structure is responsible for turning short term and working memories into long term memories?
Hippocampus
Attraction and commitment to a group is likely to be greatest when group members:
share equivalent cultural capital.
Group affiliation (attraction and commitment) is likely to be greatest when the members or participants in the group share similar outlooks, knowledge, preferences, skills, and other aspects of cultural capital. Among the options, similarity in cultural capital would be most likely to solidify group bonds in a way that increases commitment to the group.
A dopamine antagonist will most likely lead to:
decreased mobility and increased frequency of tremors in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
Patients with Parkinson’s disease already have insufficient dopamine levels. Therefore, a drug that blocks dopamine receptors will further reduce dopamine’s impact, and worsen the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, such as decreased mobility and increased frequency of tremors.
A dopamine antagonist will most likely lead to______________ in patients with schizophrenia.
Patients with schizophrenia have high levels of dopamine activity and a dopamine antagonist will lead to decreased levels of dopamine resulting in decreased, not increased, positive symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations and delusions, respectively.
Gender socialization
Gender socialization refers to the learning of norms and values associated with masculinity or femininity. Gender norms related to masculinity include the encouragement of high-risk behaviors, of which heavy drinking would be an example.
Participant responses to the childhood health history are dependent on retrieving which type of information from memory?
When participants respond to questions about their childhood health history, they are retrieving autobiographical information, which is an important type of episodic memory.
Culture lag
Culture lag occurs when norms and values have yet to catch up with technological advances.
Example of Anomie
Anomie refers to a feeling of detachment from society due to a lack of stable social norms.
Underuse of available healthcare services for the disorders such as depression, dementia, and alcohol abuse is most likely due to:
each have been particularly noteworthy for social stigma. Healthcare utilization and health-seeking behaviors are likely to be affected whenever a disease or disorder is stigmatized.
