Chem Flashcards
If the pressure remains constant, then the volume must increase.
The ideal gas law states that PV = nRT. If n (the quantity of gas) is constant and T (temperature) increases, then PV (pressure × volume) will increase.
Which of the following compounds is a weak electrolyte?
BaCl
CH3OH
KOH
CH3COOH
CH3COOH –> Weak electrolyte
KOH and BaCl –> Strong electrolyte
CH3OH –> non-electrolyte
H3O+
Lewis acid
Write out Kw, pH, pOH, and pKw
Rank the colors of visible light in order from lowest frequency to highest.
By frequency Red< orange< yellow< green< blue< violet
Rank in order of wave length, from shortest to longest, the regions of the EM spectrum.
By wavelength, gamma rays <x-rays< ultraviolet< visible light< infrared< microwaves< radio waves.
What are the key characteristics about photons an electron energy levels?
- A product of the wavelength and frequency of a photon is equal to 3.0 x 10^8 m/s
- The difference in energy between adjacent energy levels decreases as the energy level increase
- Energy of a photon is directly proportional to its frequency
Visible light
ROYGBIV
400-700
Kcat
Absorption of ultraviolet light by organic molecules always results in what process?
Excitation of bound electrons
The half-life of a radioactive material is:
the time it takes for half of all the radioactive nuclei to decay into their daughter nuclei.
Which property of a substance is best used to estimate its relative vapor pressure?
Boiling point
What are the structural features possessed by storage lipids?
Three fatty acids ester-linked to a single glycerol
It is possible to design a reactor where the SCY conductor and the nitrogen/ammonia electrode operate at different temperatures. Which combination of temperatures is expected to give the best results?
Conductor temperature higher than electrode temperature
Coordinate covalent
Lewis acid–base interaction between a metal cation and an electron pair donor is known as a coordinate covalent bond
Least polar bonding
bonds between identical atoms are likely to be the least polar
Which of the following energy conversions best describes what takes place in a battery-powered resistive circuit when the current is flowing?
Chemical to electric to thermal
Protein secondary structure is characterized by the pattern of hydrogen bonds between:
backbone amide protons and carbonyl oxygens.
Ubiquitination
targets a protein for degradation by a proteasome.
Glycolysis
Electrophoresis
Purpose:
* separate things (DNA, RNA, proteins) by size
* separate proteins by isoelectric point
Southern Blot
detect specific sequences of DNA
Northern blotting
Northern blotting:
to detect specific sequences of RNA
-usually used to determine expression, since you are
analyzing the mRNAs in a cell
-still use a DNA probe
Western Blot
to detect the presence of specific proteins in a sample
-sample can be isolated from specific cell types, or
blood, etc.
-can also determine size of protein
How to use:
1. Use a primary antibody, specific for your protein of interest,
to “find” the protein on the filter
- Use a secondary antibody, specific to the primary antibody,
that has been tagged with an enzyme that will fluoresce
when it encounters its substrate - Expose the filter to the substrate to trigger fluorescence to
visualize the protein
Eastern Blot
to detect posttranslational modifications on proteins
ELISA
to detect the presence of specific proteins in a sample
-detect antigen (e.g., bacterial surface proteins, viral
proteins, etc.) or antibodies
-similar to Western blot, but better info on amount of
protein in sample
Vasopressin regulates the insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of the epithelial cells of which renal structure?
Collecting duct
In humans, eggs and sperm are most similar with respect to:
genome size.
In humans, the characteristic tissue of which of the following organs is NOT derived from mesoderm?
brain
Lytic granules are generally released from CTLs when the T-cell receptors on these cells bind specifically to:
viral antigens presented on the surface of virus-infected cells.
Ectoderm
hair, skin, nails, and nervous system
Mesoderm
bones, blood vessels, muscles, the heart, and non gland organs (bladder, uterus)
Endoderm
inner linings of things (digestive tract, respiratory tract) and glands (liver, pancreas)
Learning Schedule
Variable Ratio
provides reinforcement
after an unpredictable
number of behaviors.
Fixed Ratio
provides reinforcement after
a set number of behaviors.
Variable Interval
provides reinforcement after an
inconsistent period of time.
Fixed Interval
provides reinforcement after
a consistent period of time.
Which finding best supports the linguistic relativity hypothesis?
Humans are better at distinguishing colors for which their language has a name.
Broca’s Area
language production
Wernickies Area
Understanding written and spoken language
Dissociative disorder
spilt identity
Some studies have found that increases in dopamine activity are associated with increased reward-seeking motivation. This finding suggests an association between dopamine levels and which type of learning?
Operant conditioning
Meritocracy
- higher social mobility
- more dependent on effort
- social status based on individual merit
ex) questioning assumptions about opportunity in American society.
3 components of attitude
Affect: our feelings about the person, object, or event
Behavior: our internal and external responses to the person, object, or event
Cognition: our thoughts and beliefs about the person, object, or event
Which type of psychoactive drug has the lowest risk of dependence?
Hallucinogens
A dopamine agonist is found to have dose-dependent effects. Based on this finding, which correlation is most likely to be supported?
A positive correlation between the dose of the dopamine agonist and the intensity of euphoria experienced when the dopamine agonist is administered.
Because the agonist is said to have dose-dependent effects, a positive correlation between the dose and the intensity of euphoria experienced is most likely.
Which individual-level effect is most similar to groupthink?
Confirmation bias
an individual’s confirmation bias causes the person to seek, and attend to, only information that confirms his or her existing point of view and to ignore disconfirming evidence.
The left cerebral hemisphere in humans is most often linked with which cognitive function?
Vocabulary skills
Research has shown that when individuals study material right before going to sleep, they perform better on a recall measure upon awakening compared to individuals who study and then watch a movie before going to sleep. Which memory construct provides the most likely explanation for these results?
Interference
Individuals who have the ability to delay gratification in pursuit of long-term rewards are most likely to be categorized as having which type of intelligence?
Emotional
Emotionally intelligent people are self-aware and can delay gratification in pursuit of long-term rewards, rather than being overtaken by immediate impulses.
Alzheimer’s disease
- Amyloid plaques: clumps of protein fragments that accumulate outside of cells.
- Neurofibrillary tangles: clumps of altered proteins inside cells.
Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson’s disease is primarily caused by abnormally low dopamine levels.
- Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia die off, making it harder to control movements.
- Dopamine is involved in sending messages to areas of the brain that control coordination and movement.
- Dopamine levels progressively drop, so symptoms gradually become more severe.
- Abnormal aggregates of protein called Lewy bodies develop inside neurons.
Which of the five senses is the only one that does NOT synapse with the thalamus before reaching its primary processing cortex?
** Olfaction**
Olfaction is the only sense that does not synapse with the thalamus before reaching its primary processing cortex. The olfactory bulb of the frontal lobe is connected directly to the nasal cavity by the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I).
convergent evolution
defined as a process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar needs.
Another name for “protease”
Hydrolase
histone acetylation
promotes transcription by modifying chromatin structure.
Mucous secretions in the respiratory tract inhibit microbial infections. These secretions are produced by which of the tissue types found in the lungs?
Epithelial
Within the intestines, unabsorbed fats are broken down into fatty acids by intestinal bacteria. Given this, excess unabsorbed fats most likely have which of the following effects within the intestines?
They increase the osmotic pressure within the intestines, leading to diarrhea.
an excess of unabsorbed fats in the intestines inhibits normal water and electrolyte absorption, resulting in increased osmotic pressure and diarrhea
The most effective way for the body to utilize bone tissue to increase blood calcium levels would be to simultaneously:
decrease osteoblast activity and increase osteoclast activity.
while osteoblasts function to build and repair bone, osteoclasts break down bone. Therefore, to increase calcium levels in the blood, osteoblast activity should be decreased and osteoclast activity should be increased to release stored calcium from the bone to the bloodstream.
filtrate passes through the tubular regions of a nephron?
Bowman’s capsule → proximal tubule → loop of Henle → distal tubule → collecting duct
Flashbulb Memory
People can (or at least claim to) remember great detail about their episodic memories of particularly emotionally arousing events.
ex) 9/11
The standard version of a dichotic listening task involves:
presenting two different auditory messages, one to each ear.
Public health campaigns often target behaviors that are formed in adolescence. For example, alcohol, tobacco, and drug use interventions are often designed to prevent or delay risky behaviors because patterns established in adolescence are associated with disorders in adulthood. This example is best described as using which approach to health?
A life course perspective on health behavior
A transient shortage of oxygen (global ischemia) releases excess glutamate into the extracellular fluid of the brain. This causes neuronal death by hyperexcitation to a greater extent in the hippocampus than in the cortex. Which reason best explains why the hippocampus is selectively vulnerable during global ischemia?
The expression of NMDA receptors is more abundant in hippocampal than cortical neurons.
NMDA receptors are a subtype of glutamate receptor. Higher expression of NDMA receptors in the hippocampus than the cortex would render the hippocampus more vulnerable to the excess release of extracellular glutamate.
When an individual moves from one social class to another over the course of his or her lifetime, this process is defined as:
intragenerational mobility.
When studying education as a social institution, the hidden curriculum constitutes:
a latent function of schools.
In order to balance on one foot, many people need to have their eyes open. This is an example of:
sensory interaction.
