exam I Flashcards
Name each functional group and enzyme used in rxn:
RC(=O)R → RCH(OH)R
Reduction of a ketone to an alcohol, which is the reaction catalyzed by oxidoreductase.
ROPO32- → ROH + Pi
This is the reaction catalyzed by a phosphatase.
RC(=O)NHR’→ RCOOH + R’NH2
This is the reaction catalyzed by a protease or amidase.
RC(=O)OR’→ RCOOH + R’OH
This is the reaction catalyzed by an esterase.
This is the structure of adenine
This is the structure of histidine
C6H9N3O2
This is the structure of flavin
This is the structure of ubiquinone
Pressure and Liquid density relationship
pressure is equal to the liquid density multiplied by the gravitational acceleration.
pressure formula p = ρgd, where ρ is the liquid density, g is the gravitational acceleration, and d is the depth where pressure is measured
What is the identity of an atom that contains six protons and eight neutrons?
Carbon
NF3
Polor or NP?
Polar
What is the molecular formula of the heterocyclic aromatic compound pyrrole?
C4H5N
What is the molecular formula of azepine?
C6H7N
**Size-exclusion chromatography **
Size-exclusion chromatography separates proteins by molecular weight, not selective column binding.
Cation-exchange chromatography
Cation-exchange chromatography
separates proteins with different positive charges (or positive versus negative/neutral charge). Its separation method is not based on selective binding to the column based on a functional group-specific chemical reaction or ligand-receptor interaction.
Anion-exchange chromatography
Anion-exchange chromatography separates proteins with different negative charges (or negative versus positive/neutral charge). Its separation method is not based on selective binding to the column based on a functional group-specific chemical reaction or ligand-receptor interaction.
Enantiomers can exhibit a difference in which chemical or physical property?
Smell
Enantiomers have the same physical and chemical properties. They differ only in their three dimensional arrangement of atoms and their interactions with other chiral molecules. They can differ in their smell due to interacting differently with chiral odorant receptors.**
Ammonium formate
NH4HCO2
Ammonium carbonate
Ammonium carbonate is (NH4)2CO3.
Ammonium bicarbonate
Ammonium bicarbonate is NH4HCO3
Ammonium acetate
Ammonium acetate is NH4CH3CO2
Positive Cooperative Binding
Binding of a substrate to an active site makes it easier for the others to bind.
Hill is greater than 1
Negative cooperative binding
makes it more difficult for the others to bind, leading to inhibition.
Hill is less than 1
No cooperativity
The binding of a substrate to one active site has no impact on susequent substrates
Hill = 1
E3 − E2
An ice cube at 0°C and 1 atm is heated to form steam at 100°C and 1 atm. Ignoring heat loss to the surroundings, what part of the process uses the most heat?
(Note: Specific heat of water = 1 cal/g°C. Heat of fusion = 80 cal/g. Heat of vaporization = 540 cal/g.)
Vaporizing all the water
Vaporizing all the water requires 540 cal/g, which is a greater heat requirement than specific heat or heat of fusion.
If both the capacitor and the power supply in Figure 1 are adjustable, which of the following changes would result in an increase in the charge on the capacitor?
Decreasing the separation between the parallel plates
Capacitance C is inversely proportional to the separation d between the parallel plates according to the formula C =(ϵ0 ϵr A)/d. A decrease in the separation corresponds to an increase in the capacitance. Given that the charge on the capacitor is directly proportional to the capacitance, an increased capacitance results in an increase in the charge as long as the power supply voltage is constant.
adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune response is mediated by immune cells known as lymphocytes. These are B and T cells. B cells secrete antibodies, highly specific protein molecules that bind to a specific pathogen. These antibodies bind specific parts of pathogen.
Innate Immunity
Innate immunity is our first defense against invaders. The epithelial and mucosal linings of our respiratory and GI tracts, as well as our skin are major components of the innate immune system.
Cells known as macrophages also play a large role in innate immunity. Macrophages recognize bacterial or viral components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), via special receptors known as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLR activation cause macrophages to secrete cytokines (small molecules involved in cell signaling and attraction), as well as to phagocytose the infected cells
Humoral immunity
Humoral immunity is immunity from serum antibodies produced by plasma cells. More specifically, someone who has never been exposed to a specific disease can gain humoral immunity through administration of antibodies from someone who has been exposed, and survived the same disease. “Humoral” refers to the bodily fluids where these free-floating serum antibodies bind to antigens and assist with elimination.
**Cell-mediated immunity **
Cell-mediated immunity can be acquired through T cells from someone who is immune to the target disease or infection. “Cell-mediated” refers to the fact that the response is carried out by cytotoxic cells.
phosphodiester linkages
Phosphodiester bonds link the successive nucleotides in the sequence of nucleic acids
Disulfide bridges
Disulfide bridges are Covalent bonds that link cysteine residues within protein.
Hydrogen bonds in RNA or DNA, what is its role?
Hydrogen bonds hold base-pairing nucleotides together in DNA
Have no role in RNA
DNA Melting Temperature/ Denaturating Temp
In nucleic acid duplex structures, higher GC-content correlates with more stable duplex and thus higher melting temperature.
Melting Temperature is the temperature that DNA and RNA denaturate at 50%.
GI tract bacteria
onvert monosaccharides and polysaccharides into acetate, propionate, and butyrate, which are short chain fatty acids.
Which amino acid exhibits a beta-branched side chain?
Isoleucine and Valine
In contrast to chemical messengers in classical endocrine signaling systems, chemical messengers in paracrine and autocrine signaling systems are:
not transported by blood vessels.
paracrine and autocrine chemical messengers act:
locally
Paracrine chemical messengers
Paracrine chemical messengers act on cells near the cell that secretes the messenger
autocrine chemical messengers
autocrine chemical messengers act on the same cell that secretes the messenger.
Na+−glucose cotransporter
The Na+–glucose cotransporter transports Na+ cations and glucose into the cell. This process is electrogenic, as it results in the net movement of positively charged molecules into the cell.
Putting a H+ ionophore in the ETC plasma membrane would have what effect?
Decreased production of ATP
What enzymes generate NADH in the TCA cycle?
Malate dehydrogenase,
isocitrate dehydrogenase and
α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
What enzyme generates FADH2 in the TCA cycle?
Succinate dehydrogenase
Isoelectric focusing
Isoelectric focusing separates proteins based on their pIs. The technique uses an electric field and a pH gradient which causes proteins to stop moving at a pH equal to their pI.
SDS-PAGE
SDS-PAGE is a technique to separate proteins based on their size and does not require a pH gradient.
Southern blotting
Southern blotting is a technique to identify specific DNA fragments and does not require a pH gradient.
The gene for red-green color blindness is recessive and X-linked. What will be the expected phenotype of the children of a color-blind woman and a man who is not color-blind?
All of the daughters will have normal color vision; all the sons will be color-blind.
Males are XY and females are XX. All sons will inherit the X chromosome carrying the color-blind mutation from their mother along with a Y chromosome from their father, and will be color-blind. Daughters, however, will inherit one color-blind X chromosome from their mother and the wild-type X chromosome from their father. As the mutation is inherited in a recessive manner, daughters will have normal color vision, but will be carriers of the mutation.
If Keq >1,
equilibrium reaction mixture will have more products than reactants.
Its exergonic and a low activation energy results in fast reaction kinetics.
Favors products
Transduction
Transduction is the process by which nucleic acids are transferred from viruses to cells.
Transformation
Transformation is the process that transfers genetic material from the environment into bacteria.
**Conjugation **
Conjugation **is the exchange of nucleic acids between bacteria.
**
Contraction of the diaphragm results in:
decreased intrathoracic pressure and inhalation.
V0
is the initial velocity of an enzymatic reaction.
Enhancer
The enhancer is a DNA region that is able to bind transcriptional activators in order to increase the expression of a particular gene.
In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction where enzyme concentration is held constant and substrate concentration is relatively low, which kinetic parameter will increase with the addition of more substrate?
(Note: Other than substrate concentration, assume no other changes to reaction conditions.)
Vo
V0 is the initial velocity of an enzymatic reaction. At low concentrations of substrate and constant enzyme concentration, adding more substrate will increase Vo until the maximal velocity is reached.
Enterocytes
Enterocytes are the intestinal cells that produce Enzymes that digest disaccharides. This includes lactase.
Glycosidic linkages in disaccharides are cleaved via:
**hydrolysis reaction
Hydrolase **
pyrimidine
CUT
Cytosine C4H5N3O
Uracil C4H4N2O2
Thymine C5H6N2O2
CUT
Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine
Purines
Adenine C5H5N5
Guanine C5H5N5O
Avoidant attachment
Avoidant attachment is associated with little separation anxiety and a tendency to resist contact with the parent, as described in the option.
**anxious-ambivalent attachment **
Strong separation anxiety, coupled with a tendency to resist contact with the parent, is more characteristic of anxious-ambivalent attachment.
amygdala
The amygdala is involved in emotional encoding
hippocampus
The hippocampus is involved in memory encoding
parietal lobe
The primary function of the parietal lobe is the integration of sensory information.
superego
According to psychodynamic theory, the superego is the structure of personality which houses an individual’s conscience, developed via the internalization of parental and societal expectations and values. The superego demands that one perform to their highest possible standard
ego
According to psychodynamic theory, the ego is the structure of personality responsible for balancing the conflicting demands of the id and the superego. When these demands are not met, anxiety is experienced.
positive punisher
positive punisher decreases the frequency of the preceding behavior by introducing an aversive stimulus. In the passage example, the patient’s attendance of social events decreased as a result of his event attendance leading to the elevation of feelings of inferiority (an aversive stimulus).
Weber’s characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy suggest that most formal organizations will:
select employees based on technical qualifications.
A 34-year-old man has had a series of brief relationships with several romantic partners, but has never established a close, intimate relationship with a partner. According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, which outcome best describes this example?
Isolation
The man is in the Intimacy versus Isolation stage and given his lack of success in experiencing a close, intimate relationship, would be experiencing the outcome of isolation.
Social facilitation
Social facilitation, the tendency for individuals to perform better when others are present especially when working on a familiar task, predicts better performance when participants are with others, not when they are alone.
Central route processing
Central route processing occurs when the central characteristics of a message, such as its informational content and the quality of its arguments, are used to form an attitude. The attitude formation in the passage is based on the behavioral cues presented by the administrator, which are peripheral characteristics.
Peripheral route processing
Peripheral characteristics of a communication refer to the message characteristics that are not central to the information and arguments presented in the message, such as the emotional appeals made to the audience or characteristics of the individual presenting the message. Peripheral route processing occurs when peripheral characteristics drive an individual’s processing and attitude formation in a given social setting
confounding variable
A confounding variable is a variable that varies with the independent variable and affects the dependent variable.
A researcher interested in cultural differences regarding happiness designs a cross-cultural study in which happiness is measured relative to a nation’s gross domestic product. Which is a dependent variable in this study?
Happiness
medicalization
Medicalization refers to the recategorization of a condition as a medical problem that requires diagnosis and treatment by medical experts. Alcoholism provides a classic case of medicalization, as alcohol abuse has transitioned from what was once considered a problem of individual moral character to being considered a treatable medical condition today.
Demographic transition
Demographic transition refers to the association between the level of socioeconomic development and the balance between fertility and mortality rates in a society.
Heuristics
are cognitive rules of thumb that offer shortcuts to reasoning and problem solving.
In a case study with an infant, Watson paired the presentation of a white rat with a loud noise. After several pairings, the infant was afraid of the white rat and also other stimuli that were white and furry, such as a white rabbit. The infant’s fear response to the white rabbit is due to the process of:
stimulus generalization.
In operant conditioning, partial reinforcement, rather than continuous reinforcement, leads to a response that is:
slower to acquire and more resistant to extinction.
Continuous reinforcement is associated with:
Continuous reinforcement is associated with a fast rate of acquisition, but quicker extinction.
A woman’s manufacturing job is unexpectedly outsourced to a factory in Country A. She responds with hostility and anger towards all people from Country A and accuses them of taking her job. Which concept best describes her response?
Scapegoating
Scapegoating refers to erroneously assigning blame to an identifiable source, often when the real cause is abstract, such as globalization. Scapegoating captures the assignment of blame to a group that is not responsible for the situation of the individual described in the question.
**Semantic memory **
Semantic memory is memory for facts and knowledge. This is the memory system used for a categorization task which requires participants to use pre-existing knowledge to sort the items.
If a researcher defines the concept of religiosity as the frequency an individual engages in religious meetings, rituals, or practices, that researcher has created a(n):
operational definition.
Operationalization refers to how an abstract concept as a variable is observed through different measurements. The use of different measures, such as the frequency of attending religious rituals, is to operationalize the abstract concept of religiosity.
